bambuddy/backend/app/services/github_restore.py

"""Restore Bambuddy data from a Git provider backup (issue #2656).

The backup side (``github_backup.py``) is push-only: it collects a handful of
JSON documents and commits them. This module is the read side — it walks the
backup repository's history, lets a caller inspect what a given commit contains,
and applies selected categories back into the local database (or, for
K-profiles, back onto the printers).

Design notes worth knowing before editing:

* **A restore never reuses the backup's primary keys.** ``spool.id`` and
  ``print_archives.id`` are bare autoincrement columns, so the ids in a backup
  taken weeks ago very likely belong to unrelated rows today. Rows are matched
  on natural keys instead, inserted without an explicit id, and an
  ``old_id -> new_id`` map is threaded through so foreign keys in dependent
  tables (spool usage history) still line up.

  The printer-side ``cali_idx`` behaves the same way and gets the same
  treatment. Editing a K-profile in Bambuddy is a delete-then-add on a
  single-nozzle printer, which re-keys it, and ``extrusion_cali_set`` aimed at a
  slot that no longer exists is silently dropped — so the live index is read
  back and matched before writing, never taken from the backup.
* **Categories are applied archives -> spools -> settings -> kprofiles.**
  Archives first because spool usage history references ``archive_id``;
  K-profiles last because they leave the database and talk to hardware.
* **Cloud profiles are not restorable.** Restoring a preset means writing to a
  Bambu or Orca Cloud account, which is a different operation from everything
  else here — every other category lands in the local database or, for
  K-profiles, on a printer the instance already owns. Tracked separately from
  #2656. (The collector does write ``cloud_profiles/*.json`` as of #2717; the
  earlier claim that it did not is no longer true.)
"""

import asyncio
import json
import logging
import math
import os
import re
from collections.abc import Iterable
from contextvars import ContextVar
from dataclasses import dataclass, field as dataclasses_field
from datetime import datetime, timezone

import httpx
from pydantic import BaseModel
from sqlalchemy import select
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession

from backend.app.api.routes._spoolman_helpers import assert_safe_spoolman_url
from backend.app.core.database import async_session
from backend.app.core.printer_scope import drop_printers_from_obico
from backend.app.models.archive import PrintArchive
from backend.app.models.archive_alias import ArchiveAlias
from backend.app.models.github_backup import GitHubBackupConfig, GitHubBackupLog
from backend.app.models.print_log import INCLUDE_OPEN_RUNS, RUN_OPEN, PrintLogEntry
from backend.app.models.printer import Printer
from backend.app.models.project import Project
from backend.app.models.settings import Settings
from backend.app.models.spool import Spool
from backend.app.models.spool_usage_history import SpoolUsageHistory
from backend.app.models.user import User
from backend.app.schemas.auth import SMTPSettings
from backend.app.schemas.github_backup import RestoreCategory
from backend.app.schemas.settings import ADMIN_ONLY_SETTING_KEYS, AppSettings, AppSettingsUpdate
from backend.app.services.git_providers.factory import get_provider_backend
from backend.app.services.model_providers.manyfold.config import normalize_url
from backend.app.services.printer_manager import printer_manager
from backend.app.services.secret_fields import SETTINGS_SECRETS, SMTP_DESTINATIONS, is_secret_setting_key

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

METADATA_PATH = "backup_metadata.json"
SETTINGS_PATH = "settings/app_settings.json"
SPOOLS_PATH = "spools/inventory.json"
SPOOL_USAGE_PATH = "spools/usage_history.json"
ARCHIVES_PATH = "archives/print_history.json"
# Each print of an archive and which archive went into which (archive
# redesign P3). Backups written before carry neither.
RUNS_PATH = "archives/print_runs.json"
ALIASES_PATH = "archives/aliases.json"

# kprofiles/{printer_serial}/{nozzle_diameter}.json
_KPROFILE_PATH_RE = re.compile(r"^kprofiles/([^/]+)/([^/]+)\.json$")

# Settings keys holding a credential are refused by name (is_secret_setting_key,
# shared with the backup collector). A current backup carries them only as the
# placeholder; one taken before that can still hold the values, and a restore
# must not resurrect a stale credential. _COMPANION_CREDENTIALS sits downstream
# of that: it withholds a toggle when the credential it needs was refused, so
# narrowing the predicate would both write a stale credential and quietly make
# that rule inert.

# Settings the MQTT relay reads only when it is (re)configured, so restoring the
# rows is not enough on its own. Mirrors the set the settings PUT handler
# watches. mqtt_password is in here for the configure() payload's sake — the
# credential blocklist means a restore never writes it.
_MQTT_SETTING_KEYS = {
    "mqtt_enabled",
    "mqtt_broker",
    "mqtt_port",
    "mqtt_username",
    "mqtt_password",
    "mqtt_topic_prefix",
    "mqtt_use_tls",
}

# Keys that decide *who can reach the instance* rather than how it behaves. The
# backup collector writes them like any other Settings row, so a backup taken
# before auth was turned on carries auth_enabled=false — and a restore reaches
# the table directly, so honouring them would:
#
#   * disable authentication outright. ``set_auth_enabled`` pairs its write with
#     ``invalidate_auth_enabled_cache()``; we cannot, so the 30 s TTL in
#     core.auth is the only thing between the write and an open instance. That
#     cache is built to fail closed — writing the stored value behind its back
#     is what would make it fail open.
#   * bypass the lockout refusals ``update_settings`` enforces (a
#     ``local_login_enabled=false`` with no enabled OIDC provider, or with no
#     OIDC link on the caller, is a 400 there — #1589).
#   * cross a permission boundary: a restore would be a way to rewrite auth
#     config without SETTINGS_UPDATE. (The endpoint gates each category on the
#     permission owning its rows now, but that is settings:update — still not
#     the auth UI's own guards, which is what these keys actually need.)
#
# Auth is reconfigured through the auth UI, which has the guards. Restoring it
# from a snapshot has no safe reading.
_PROTECTED_SETTING_KEYS = {
    "auth_enabled",
    "advanced_auth_enabled",
    "local_login_enabled",
    "setup_completed",
}

# The LDAP family, refused for the same reason and by prefix rather than by
# name, so a key added to the schema later is refused by default.
#
# These are not "how the instance behaves" settings — together they name *which
# directory server decides who you are*. auth.py reads them live from this table
# on every login (see the ldap_keys list in _get_ldap_settings), so a restore
# that writes them substitutes the authentication source wholesale:
# ldap_server_url points at another directory, ldap_auto_provision creates a
# local account for whoever it vouches for, and ldap_default_group decides what
# that account gets — Administrators, if the backup says so.
#
# The companion rule does NOT cover this, which is the trap. ldap_enabled is
# paired with ldap_bind_password there, but an *anonymous* bind is a working
# config, so a backup that simply omits the password skips the refusal at the
# _COMPANION_EXPOSURE_TOGGLES check and the toggle is written. Omitting a
# credential is exactly what an attacker authoring this file would do — they own
# the directory being pointed at, so they need no bind credential from us.
_PROTECTED_SETTING_PREFIXES = ("ldap_",)

# Restoring as a non-admin: the settings only an admin may change through the
# settings page (ADMIN_ONLY_SETTING_KEYS) and the mail server's, which only an
# admin may set (routes/auth.update_smtp_settings), are kept as they are here.
# A restore is otherwise a way around those checks. Set by preview() and
# run_restore() for the call; an admin's restore is unchanged.
_restoring_as_admin: ContextVar[bool] = ContextVar("restoring_as_admin", default=True)


def _admin_only_for_restore(key: str) -> bool:
    return key in ADMIN_ONLY_SETTING_KEYS or key in _EXTRA_RESTORABLE_KEYS


# Nozzle diameters the backup collector iterates. A path outside this set means
# the backup was written by a newer version, so accept it rather than dropping
# data, but keep the list for validation messages.
_KNOWN_NOZZLES = {"0.2", "0.4", "0.6", "0.8"}


def _parse_dt(value) -> datetime | None:
    """Best-effort parse of a datetime the backup wrote via ``str(...)``.

    Normalised to naive UTC, because that is what every ``DateTime`` column
    here holds: the models write ``datetime.now(timezone.utc)`` into naive
    columns and both dialects drop the offset on the way in. Carrying an aware
    value through would store the wrong wall clock, and comparing one against a
    value read back out of a naive column raises ``TypeError``. The collector
    only ever writes naive strings, so this is a guard on hand-edited or
    foreign backups rather than a path Bambuddy takes itself.
    """
    if not value or not isinstance(value, str):
        return None
    try:
        parsed = datetime.fromisoformat(value)
    except ValueError:
        return None
    if parsed.tzinfo is not None:
        parsed = parsed.astimezone(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
    return parsed


def _created_at_matches(row, created_at: datetime | None) -> bool:
    """Does ``row.created_at`` equal a timestamp read out of a backup?

    Compared in Python, not in SQL, and that is the whole point. Every
    ``created_at`` these callers dedupe on is ``server_default=func.now()``, so
    SQLite fills it from ``CURRENT_TIMESTAMP``, which has second precision and
    stores ``'2026-08-02 11:28:41'``. SQLAlchemy binds a Python datetime as
    ``'2026-08-02 11:28:41.000000'``, and SQLite compares the two as strings —
    so ``Model.created_at == created_at`` never matches a row the application
    itself created, not even when handed that row's own value straight back.
    Every dedupe keyed on it misses, and the restore inserts a duplicate of
    everything instead of recognising what is already there.

    Reading the candidates back and comparing the parsed datetimes sidesteps
    the bind format entirely, and is equally correct on PostgreSQL (where the
    column keeps microseconds and the SQL comparison happened to work).
    """
    return created_at is not None and row.created_at == created_at


def _is_blocked_setting_key(key: str) -> bool:
    return is_secret_setting_key(key)


def _is_protected_setting_key(key: str) -> bool:
    # Lowered for the prefix test for the same reason _is_blocked_setting_key
    # lowers: the key comes from the backup's JSON, not from our own writer, so
    # its casing is whatever the file says. An exact-match name stays exact —
    # those four are ours and are only ever written lowercase.
    return key in _PROTECTED_SETTING_KEYS or key.lower().startswith(_PROTECTED_SETTING_PREFIXES)


# A user's email code sign-in switch. Per user, and it decides how that user
# signs in: never taken from a backup, whatever its value.
_TWO_FACTOR_KEY = re.compile(r"^user_\d+_email_2fa_enabled$")

# Settings kept outside AppSettings that a restore writes, each checked as the
# editor that owns it checks it: (model, field) for a field of that editor's
# request model. Anything else outside AppSettings is runtime state, a login's
# account state, automation that needs its own permission (the purge
# schedules), a migration flag or unknown, and is not restored.
_EXTRA_RESTORABLE_KEYS: dict[str, tuple[type[BaseModel], str]] = {
    key: (SMTPSettings, key)
    for key in (
        "smtp_host",
        "smtp_port",
        "smtp_security",
        "smtp_auth_enabled",
        "smtp_from_email",
        "smtp_from_name",
        "smtp_username",
        "smtp_use_tls",
    )
}

# Settings that decide where Bambuddy sends something: the links in its emails
# (password reset and welcome links carry a sign-in token), the mail server
# itself, the full database backups, printer status, camera snapshots, model
# files, inventory. A backup naming another address would send it there, so a
# value that differs from this instance's is kept as it is here.
_ADDRESS_KEYS = (
    "external_url",
    "smtp_host",
    "smtp_port",
    "smtp_security",
    "smtp_use_tls",
    "local_backup_path",
    "mqtt_broker",
    "mqtt_port",
    "mqtt_use_tls",
    "ha_url",
    "obico_ml_url",
    "bambuddy_internal_url",
    "orcaslicer_api_url",
    "bambu_studio_api_url",
    "spoolman_url",
    "manyfold_url",
)

# Restored without a model check: the Manyfold editor checks the URL with
# normalize_url and takes the client id as text.
_MANYFOLD_URL_KEY = "manyfold_url"
_MANYFOLD_CLIENT_ID_KEY = "manyfold_client_id"

# The settings whose saved null (the text "None") the settings reader reads as
# null. Anywhere else it is refused, as the editor refuses a null.
_READS_A_SAVED_NULL = frozenset({"ams_temp_alarm", "default_printer_id", "open_in_slicer"})

# Settings that no longer exist. Older backups still hold them; a restore drops
# them without listing them as skipped.
_RETIRED_SETTING_KEYS = frozenset({"library_archive_mode"})


def is_restorable_setting_key(key: str) -> bool:
    """Whether a restore writes this settings key at all (with a value its
    editor accepts). The Git backup holds only these, so nothing a restore
    would refuse as unknown leaves the instance."""
    return (
        key in AppSettingsUpdate.model_fields
        or key in _EXTRA_RESTORABLE_KEYS
        or key in (_MANYFOLD_URL_KEY, _MANYFOLD_CLIENT_ID_KEY)
    )


def _stored_form(value: object) -> str:
    """A checked value as its editor stores it."""
    if isinstance(value, bool):
        return "true" if value else "false"
    if value is None:
        return "None"
    return str(value)


def _checked_setting(key: str, value: object) -> tuple[bool | None, str]:
    """A restored value checked as its editor checks it.

    ``(True, stored form)`` if the editor would accept it, ``(False, "")`` if
    not, ``(None, "")`` if no editor writes the key, so it is not restored.
    The stored form is what the editor would write: a value the check only
    coerced ("587.0", "yes") is written as the editor writes it.
    """
    candidate = None if value == "None" and key in _READS_A_SAVED_NULL else value
    try:
        if key in AppSettingsUpdate.model_fields:
            checked = getattr(AppSettingsUpdate.model_validate({key: candidate}), key)
            # Checked where it is used rather than where it is saved: checked
            # here as well, before it is written.
            if key == "spoolman_url" and checked:
                assert_safe_spoolman_url(str(checked))
            return True, _stored_form(checked)
        if key in _EXTRA_RESTORABLE_KEYS:
            model, field = _EXTRA_RESTORABLE_KEYS[key]
            instance = model.__pydantic_validator__.validate_assignment(model.model_construct(), field, candidate)
            return True, _stored_form(getattr(instance, field))
        if key == _MANYFOLD_URL_KEY:
            return True, normalize_url(str(candidate)) if candidate else ""
    except ValueError:
        return False, ""
    if key == _MANYFOLD_CLIENT_ID_KEY:
        return True, str(value)
    return None, ""


# There used to be an ``_is_skipped_setting_key`` here, the union of the two
# predicates above, shared by the preview and the restore so neither could drift
# from the other. It is gone because a name is no longer enough to decide: the
# third refusal below depends on the payload's *other* values and on local
# database state. ``_plan_settings`` is the shared classifier now, and it covers
# all three reasons.


# Toggles whose *safety* depends on a companion credential that the blocklist
# above refuses to restore. Writing the toggle alone is not a partial restore,
# it is a downgrade:
#
#   * prometheus_enabled with no token opens /api/v1/metrics. The route is on
#     PUBLIC_API_ROUTES and its own gate is ``if token:`` (api/routes/metrics.py),
#     so an empty or absent token means no authentication at all — a full,
#     unauthenticated dump of the instance to anyone who can reach the port. On
#     an instance that never enabled Prometheus there is no token row, so
#     overwrite-off alone is enough to do it.
#   * the other four switch an integration on with no way to authenticate to it,
#     which breaks the login path (LDAP) or the connection (MQTT, HA).
#
# ldap_enabled is deliberately NOT here. It was, paired with
# ldap_bind_password — but this rule judges availability ("will the integration
# work?"), and that is the wrong question for an authentication source. An
# anonymous bind is a working config, so the pair let a backup omit the password
# and have the toggle written; the whole LDAP family is refused by prefix above
# instead. _is_protected_setting_key runs first in _plan_settings, so leaving the
# entry here would be dead code that reads like coverage.
_COMPANION_CREDENTIALS = {
    "prometheus_enabled": "prometheus_token",
    "mqtt_enabled": "mqtt_password",
    "ha_enabled": "ha_token",
}

# Companion credentials a reader takes from the environment rather than from a
# Settings row. ha_token is the only one: get_homeassistant_settings prefers
# HA_TOKEN over the row, and auto-enables ha_enabled when HA_URL and HA_TOKEN are
# both set, so an env-configured instance has a usable credential and no row.
_COMPANION_CREDENTIAL_ENV = {"ha_token": "HA_TOKEN"}

# The pairs above divide into two classes, because "did the *backup* carry a
# usable credential?" does not mean the same thing for both.
#
# For the availability pairs it is the condition that stops the rule
# over-refusing. An anonymous MQTT broker and an anonymous LDAP bind are working
# configs, so a backup with an empty credential is describing something that
# works, and refusing its toggle would be a false positive. Those pairs only
# matter when the restore would produce a config weaker than *both* the backup
# and the local instance.
#
# For the exposure pair it does not transfer. An empty prometheus_token removes
# /api/v1/metrics' only gate (the route is on PUBLIC_API_ROUTES and its own
# check is ``if token:``), so the exposure is a property of the toggle itself,
# not of a downgrade relative to the backup: a backup taken on an instance that
# enabled Prometheus *without* a token — the field is optional and defaults to
# "" — is the more likely source of one, not the less. So an exposure toggle
# skips this condition and is judged on local state alone.
_COMPANION_EXPOSURE_TOGGLES = frozenset({"prometheus_enabled"})

# Setting -> the credentials it decides the destination of. smtp_use_tls
# decides the SMTP security mode when smtp_security is not set.
_DESTINATION_SECRETS: dict[str, tuple[str, ...]] = {}
for _secret, _fields in {
    **SETTINGS_SECRETS,
    "smtp_password": (*SMTP_DESTINATIONS, "smtp_use_tls"),
    "manyfold_client_secret": ("manyfold_url",),
}.items():
    for _field in _fields:
        _DESTINATION_SECRETS[_field] = (*_DESTINATION_SECRETS.get(_field, ()), _secret)


def _setting_value_is_true(value: object) -> bool:
    """True if a settings *payload* value would be stored as "on".

    Deliberately as narrow as ``api.routes.settings.setting_is_true``: a restore
    writes ``str(value)`` verbatim and no reader in the codebase treats "1",
    "on" or "yes" as on, so restoring one of those cannot switch anything on.
    Bool-tolerant because a backup's JSON can carry a real boolean.
    """
    if isinstance(value, bool):
        return value
    if value is None:
        return False
    return str(value).strip().lower() == "true"


def _as_setting_text(value: object) -> str:
    """A setting as its row stores it, so a backup value compares with a local one."""
    if value is None:
        return ""
    if isinstance(value, bool) or str(value).lower() in ("true", "false"):
        return str(value).lower()
    return str(value)


def _is_usable_credential(value: object) -> bool:
    """True if a credential value is present and not blank.

    A present-but-*blank* ``prometheus_token`` row counts as unusable, because an
    empty token is exactly the ``if token:`` hole the companion rule exists to
    stop a restore from opening.
    """
    return value is not None and bool(str(value).strip())


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class _SettingsPlan:
    """Which keys of a settings payload will not be written, and why.

    Built once, before anything is added to the session, and shared by the
    preview and the restore so the two cannot disagree about what a commit will
    change. The companion bucket is why this needs a session at all: unlike the
    two name-based buckets it depends on local database state.

    The buckets are disjoint — a key is classified once, in order. The
    destination bucket depends on local state as well.
    """

    blocked: tuple[str, ...] = ()
    protected: tuple[str, ...] = ()
    companion: tuple[str, ...] = ()
    destination: tuple[str, ...] = ()
    two_factor: tuple[str, ...] = ()
    invalid: tuple[str, ...] = ()
    unknown: tuple[str, ...] = ()
    # Bambuddy's own one-shot flags (a leading underscore): refused without a
    # word, as every backup carries them.
    internal: tuple[str, ...] = ()
    address: tuple[str, ...] = ()
    # Each key to write, in the form its editor stores.
    stored: dict[str, str] = dataclasses_field(default_factory=dict)

    @property
    def _buckets(self) -> tuple[tuple[str, ...], ...]:
        return (
            self.blocked,
            self.protected,
            self.companion,
            self.destination,
            self.two_factor,
            self.invalid,
            self.unknown,
            self.internal,
            self.address,
        )

    @property
    def refused(self) -> frozenset[str]:
        return frozenset(key for bucket in self._buckets for key in bucket)

    @property
    def refused_count(self) -> int:
        return sum(len(bucket) for bucket in self._buckets)


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class _Detail:
    """A preview caveat, as a translation code plus its English rendering.

    Same contract as a note: the client translates ``code`` with ``params`` and
    falls back to ``message``.
    """

    code: str
    message: str
    params: dict[str, str | int] = dataclasses_field(default_factory=dict)


# The archive editor's own bound on grams (ArchiveUpdate).
_MAX_RESTORED_GRAMS = 100_000
# What a 32-bit integer column takes (PostgreSQL rejects more).
_MAX_RESTORED_INT = 2**31 - 1


def _restored_number(value, *, maximum: float | None = None, integer: bool = False):
    """A number from a backup as the database should hold it, or None.

    Only a finite real number of at least 0 (and at most ``maximum``) passes:
    a damaged or hand-edited backup must not put text, negative or absurd
    values into the filament and cost totals.
    """
    if isinstance(value, bool) or not isinstance(value, (int, float)):
        return None
    if integer and maximum is None:
        maximum = _MAX_RESTORED_INT
    try:
        if not math.isfinite(value) or value < 0 or (maximum is not None and value > maximum):
            return None
        return int(value) if integer else float(value)
    except OverflowError:  # an integer too large for a float
        return None


def _runs_of(payload) -> list:
    """The prints in a backup's print_runs.json, or none."""
    runs = payload.get("runs") if isinstance(payload, dict) else None
    return runs if isinstance(runs, list) else []


def _aliases_of(payload) -> dict[int, int]:
    """merged archive id -> the archive it went into, from aliases.json."""
    aliases = payload.get("aliases") if isinstance(payload, dict) else None
    found: dict[int, int] = {}
    for alias in aliases if isinstance(aliases, list) else []:
        if not isinstance(alias, dict):
            continue
        merged, into = alias.get("merged_archive_id"), alias.get("archive_id")
        if isinstance(merged, int) and isinstance(into, int) and merged != into:
            found[merged] = into
    return found


# A print's outcome verdict, as the confirm flow writes it.
_RUN_VERDICTS = ("good", "reject")


class _CategoryTally:
    """Mutable accumulator matching ``GitHubRestoreCategoryResult``."""

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.restored = 0
        self.skipped = 0
        self.failed = 0
        self.notes: list[dict] = []

    def note(self, code: str, message: str, **params) -> None:
        """Record a note as a translation code, its params and an English fallback.

        Deduped on ``(code, params)`` rather than on the rendered text, which is
        the same thing today but keeps two notes that differ only in a printer
        name from collapsing into one. Bounded for the reason it always was: the
        UI renders every note, so a large backup must not emit one per row.
        """
        if any(existing["code"] == code and existing["params"] == params for existing in self.notes):
            return
        if len(self.notes) >= 20:
            return
        self.notes.append({"code": code, "params": params, "message": message})

    def as_dict(self) -> dict:
        return {"restored": self.restored, "skipped": self.skipped, "failed": self.failed, "notes": self.notes}


class GitHubRestoreService:
    """Reads a backup repository and applies selected categories locally."""

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self._running_restore: bool = False
        self._progress: str | None = None
        self._http_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None = None
        # Guards the check-then-set on ``_running_restore``. Without it two
        # concurrent POSTs can both observe False before either sets it.
        self._lock = asyncio.Lock()

    async def _get_client(self) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
        if self._http_client is None or self._http_client.is_closed:
            self._http_client = httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=60.0)
        return self._http_client

    @property
    def is_running(self) -> bool:
        return self._running_restore

    @property
    def progress(self) -> str | None:
        return self._progress

    # --- Repository reads --------------------------------------------------

    async def list_commits(self, config: GitHubBackupConfig, limit: int = 20) -> dict:
        """List recent commits on the configured branch."""
        backend = get_provider_backend(config.provider)
        client = await self._get_client()
        result = await backend.list_commits(
            repo_url=config.repository_url,
            token=config.access_token,
            branch=config.branch,
            client=client,
            limit=limit,
        )
        result["branch"] = config.branch
        return result

    async def _resolve_ref(self, config: GitHubBackupConfig, ref: str) -> tuple[str | None, str, dict | None]:
        """Turn ``HEAD`` into a concrete commit SHA.

        Done once up front so a preview and the restore that follows it act on
        the same commit even if a scheduled backup lands in between.

        The third element is the commit entry, when resolving already fetched
        one. ``preview`` displays it, and taking it from here means the ``HEAD``
        case — by far the common one — costs one ``list_commits`` call rather
        than two.
        """
        if ref and ref.upper() != "HEAD":
            return ref, "", None
        result = await self.list_commits(config, limit=1)
        if not result.get("success"):
            return None, result.get("message") or "Could not read the backup repository", None
        commits = result.get("commits") or []
        if not commits:
            return None, f"Branch '{config.branch}' has no commits to restore from", None
        return commits[0]["sha"], "", commits[0]

    async def _describe_commit(self, config: GitHubBackupConfig, resolved: str) -> dict | None:
        """Find the display metadata for one commit SHA.

        Two things used to leave ``commit: null`` in a preview, and the second is
        the one that bit in practice:

        * the commit is older than the 20 the picker lists, so it is not in the
          scan at all — that is what ``get_commit`` is for;
        * ``REF_PATTERN`` accepts a 7-character ref while providers return the
          full 40, so an exact ``==`` never matched an abbreviated SHA *even when
          the commit was in the window*. Hence the prefix comparison.

        Best-effort throughout: this is a subject line and a date, so a failure
        returns None and the preview renders without them rather than failing.
        """
        commits = (await self.list_commits(config, limit=20)).get("commits") or []
        for entry in commits:
            sha = entry.get("sha") or ""
            if sha == resolved or sha.startswith(resolved) or resolved.startswith(sha):
                return entry

        backend = get_provider_backend(config.provider)
        client = await self._get_client()
        result = await backend.get_commit(
            repo_url=config.repository_url, token=config.access_token, ref=resolved, client=client
        )
        return result.get("commit") if result.get("success") else None

    def _category_paths(self, category: RestoreCategory, available: list[str]) -> list[str]:
        """Return the paths in ``available`` that belong to ``category``."""
        if category == RestoreCategory.SETTINGS:
            return [p for p in (SETTINGS_PATH,) if p in available]
        if category == RestoreCategory.SPOOLS:
            return [p for p in (SPOOLS_PATH, SPOOL_USAGE_PATH) if p in available]
        if category == RestoreCategory.ARCHIVES:
            return [p for p in (ARCHIVES_PATH, RUNS_PATH, ALIASES_PATH) if p in available]
        if category == RestoreCategory.KPROFILES:
            return sorted(p for p in available if _KPROFILE_PATH_RE.match(p))
        return []

    @staticmethod
    def _parse_json_files(raw: dict[str, str]) -> tuple[dict[str, object], list[str]]:
        """Parse each fetched file, collecting paths that failed to parse."""
        parsed: dict[str, object] = {}
        bad: list[str] = []
        for path, text in raw.items():
            try:
                parsed[path] = json.loads(text)
            except (ValueError, TypeError):
                bad.append(path)
        return parsed, bad

    @staticmethod
    async def _plan_settings(db: AsyncSession, values: dict) -> _SettingsPlan:
        """Classify every key of a settings payload into its refusal bucket.

        Keys with an unusable name land in no bucket: they are the restore's
        ``failed``, not a refusal, and the preview counts them because the run
        will still report on them.

        Reads local state, so it must run before anything is added to the
        session — otherwise "does this instance already have a credential" would
        see the restore's own writes.
        """
        blocked: list[str] = []
        protected: list[str] = []
        two_factor: list[str] = []
        invalid: list[str] = []
        unknown: list[str] = []
        internal: list[str] = []
        stored: dict[str, str] = {}
        # Toggle -> credential for the pairs that survived the payload-only
        # conditions and still need local state to judge.
        candidates: dict[str, str] = {}

        for key, value in values.items():
            if not isinstance(key, str) or not key:
                continue
            if _is_blocked_setting_key(key):
                blocked.append(key)
                continue
            if _is_protected_setting_key(key) or (not _restoring_as_admin.get() and _admin_only_for_restore(key)):
                protected.append(key)
                continue
            if _TWO_FACTOR_KEY.match(key):
                two_factor.append(key)
                continue
            if key.startswith("_"):
                internal.append(key)
                continue
            if key in _RETIRED_SETTING_KEYS:
                continue
            # A null is skipped by the restore itself, not refused.
            if value is not None:
                valid, form = _checked_setting(key, value)
                if valid is None:
                    unknown.append(key)
                    continue
                if not valid:
                    invalid.append(key)
                    continue
                stored[key] = form

            credential = _COMPANION_CREDENTIALS.get(key)
            if credential is None:
                continue
            # Turning something *off* is always safe to write.
            # Judged as written: a spelling the check reads as on is stored as on.
            if not _setting_value_is_true(stored.get(key, value)):
                continue
            # Expressed as the predicate rather than assumed, so the map cannot
            # go quietly inert if the secret hints are ever edited: a credential
            # the restore is willing to write travels with its toggle.
            if not _is_blocked_setting_key(credential):
                continue
            # The backup itself carried no credential here. For an availability
            # pair that describes a working config — an anonymous MQTT broker and
            # an anonymous LDAP bind both are (mqtt_relay.py and ldap_service.py
            # pass empty credentials straight through) — so refusing the toggle
            # would be a false positive. For an exposure pair a blank credential
            # is the hole itself, so the condition is skipped and only local
            # state decides. See _COMPANION_EXPOSURE_TOGGLES.
            if key not in _COMPANION_EXPOSURE_TOGGLES and not _is_usable_credential(values.get(credential)):
                continue
            candidates[key] = credential

        # Settings that decide where a credential is sent, which the payload
        # sets. Judged against local state below.
        destinations = {
            key: secrets
            for key, value in values.items()
            if value is not None
            and (secrets := _DESTINATION_SECRETS.get(key))
            and key not in protected
            and key not in invalid
            and key not in unknown
            and key not in internal
        }

        addresses = [key for key in _ADDRESS_KEYS if key in stored]

        if not candidates and not destinations and not addresses:
            return _SettingsPlan(
                blocked=tuple(blocked),
                protected=tuple(protected),
                two_factor=tuple(two_factor),
                invalid=tuple(invalid),
                unknown=tuple(unknown),
                internal=tuple(internal),
                stored=stored,
            )

        # One SELECT covering both halves of every candidate pair.
        wanted = set(candidates) | set(candidates.values()) | set(destinations)
        wanted |= {secret for secrets in destinations.values() for secret in secrets}
        wanted |= set(addresses)
        rows = await db.execute(select(Settings).where(Settings.key.in_(wanted)))
        local = {row.key: row.value for row in rows.scalars().all()}

        companion: list[str] = []
        for toggle, credential in candidates.items():
            if _is_usable_credential(local.get(credential)):
                continue
            env_name = _COMPANION_CREDENTIAL_ENV.get(credential)
            if env_name and _is_usable_credential(os.environ.get(env_name)):
                continue
            # Already on locally with no credential: the exposure pre-dates this
            # restore, so refusing changes nothing and "left switched off" would
            # be a lie.
            if _setting_value_is_true(local.get(toggle)):
                continue
            companion.append(toggle)

        # A credential kept here does not follow a destination the backup
        # changes, as the settings editor refuses the same change without the
        # credential entered again. A token from the environment is the
        # deployment's own and may follow, as it may there.
        destination: list[str] = []
        for key, secrets in destinations.items():
            kept = [
                secret
                for secret in secrets
                if _is_usable_credential(local.get(secret))
                and not (
                    (env_name := _COMPANION_CREDENTIAL_ENV.get(secret))
                    and _is_usable_credential(os.environ.get(env_name))
                )
            ]
            if not kept:
                continue
            if key in local:
                current = local[key]
            elif key in AppSettings.model_fields:
                current = AppSettings.model_fields[key].get_default(call_default_factory=True)
            else:
                # No row and no schema default: nothing to compare with, so
                # counted as a change.
                destination.append(key)
                continue
            if _as_setting_text(stored.get(key, values[key])) != _as_setting_text(current):
                destination.append(key)

        # Compared as written with this instance's value: its row, else the
        # schema default, else nothing.
        address = [
            key
            for key in addresses
            if key not in destination
            and _as_setting_text(stored[key])
            != _as_setting_text(
                local[key]
                if key in local
                else AppSettings.model_fields[key].get_default(call_default_factory=True)
                if key in AppSettings.model_fields
                else None
            )
        ]
        for key in address:
            del stored[key]

        return _SettingsPlan(
            blocked=tuple(blocked),
            protected=tuple(protected),
            companion=tuple(companion),
            address=tuple(address),
            destination=tuple(destination),
            two_factor=tuple(two_factor),
            invalid=tuple(invalid),
            unknown=tuple(unknown),
            internal=tuple(internal),
            stored=stored,
        )

    async def preview(
        self, db: AsyncSession, config: GitHubBackupConfig, ref: str = "HEAD", *, as_admin: bool = True
    ) -> dict:
        """Report which categories a commit contains, and how much is in each.

        Takes a session because the settings count depends on local state — see
        ``_plan_settings``. ``ref`` stays keyword-friendly for callers.
        ``as_admin`` False counts as a non-admin's restore would write.
        """
        token = _restoring_as_admin.set(as_admin)
        try:
            return await self._preview(db, config, ref)
        finally:
            _restoring_as_admin.reset(token)

    async def _preview(self, db: AsyncSession, config: GitHubBackupConfig, ref: str) -> dict:
        resolved, error, commit_info = await self._resolve_ref(config, ref)
        if resolved is None:
            return {"success": False, "message": error, "ref": ref, "categories": []}

        backend = get_provider_backend(config.provider)
        client = await self._get_client()

        tree = await backend.list_tree(
            repo_url=config.repository_url, token=config.access_token, ref=resolved, client=client
        )
        if not tree.get("success"):
            return {"success": False, "message": tree.get("message") or "Could not list the commit", "ref": resolved}
        available: list[str] = tree.get("paths") or []

        # One batched read covers metadata plus every category payload.
        wanted = [METADATA_PATH] if METADATA_PATH in available else []
        for category in RestoreCategory:
            wanted.extend(self._category_paths(category, available))

        fetched = await backend.fetch_files(
            repo_url=config.repository_url,
            token=config.access_token,
            ref=resolved,
            paths=wanted,
            client=client,
            # The listing above already built this map; without it the GitHub
            # family would GET the same recursive tree a second time.
            blob_shas=tree.get("blob_shas") or None,
        )
        if not fetched.get("success"):
            return {
                "success": False,
                "message": fetched.get("message") or "Could not read the commit contents",
                "ref": resolved,
            }
        parsed, bad_paths = self._parse_json_files(fetched.get("files") or {})

        metadata = parsed.get(METADATA_PATH)
        metadata_version = metadata.get("version") if isinstance(metadata, dict) else None

        categories = []
        for category in RestoreCategory:
            paths = self._category_paths(category, available)
            if not paths:
                categories.append(
                    self._category_entry(category, False, 0, _Detail("notPresent", "Not present in this backup commit"))
                )
                continue
            unreadable = [p for p in paths if p in bad_paths]
            if unreadable:
                joined = ", ".join(unreadable)
                categories.append(
                    self._category_entry(
                        category,
                        False,
                        0,
                        _Detail("unreadableJson", f"Unreadable JSON: {joined}", {"paths": joined}),
                    )
                )
                continue
            count, detail = await self._count_items(db, category, parsed)
            categories.append(self._category_entry(category, True, count, detail))

        if commit_info is None:
            commit_info = await self._describe_commit(config, resolved)

        return {
            "success": True,
            "message": "OK",
            "ref": resolved,
            "commit": commit_info,
            "metadata_version": metadata_version,
            "categories": categories,
        }

    @staticmethod
    def _category_entry(category: RestoreCategory, available: bool, item_count: int, detail: _Detail | None) -> dict:
        """Shape one ``GitHubRestorePreviewCategory``, translated detail included."""
        return {
            "category": category,
            "available": available,
            "item_count": item_count,
            "detail": detail.message if detail else None,
            "detail_code": detail.code if detail else None,
            "detail_params": detail.params if detail else {},
        }

    async def _count_items(
        self, db: AsyncSession, category: RestoreCategory, parsed: dict
    ) -> tuple[int, _Detail | None]:
        """Count restorable items for ``category`` and describe any caveat."""
        if category == RestoreCategory.SETTINGS:
            payload = parsed.get(SETTINGS_PATH)
            values = payload.get("settings") if isinstance(payload, dict) else None
            if not isinstance(values, dict):
                return 0, _Detail("settingsNoPayload", "No settings in payload")
            # Every refusal is subtracted so the count matches what the restore
            # actually writes. The wording calls out the credential ones (what a
            # user might expect to come back) and the companion ones (a
            # behaviour change worth explaining before it happens); the auth
            # policy keys stay unmentioned on purpose.
            plan = await self._plan_settings(db, values)
            detail = None
            not_restorable = len(plan.two_factor) + len(plan.invalid) + len(plan.unknown) + len(plan.address)
            if plan.destination:
                detail = _Detail(
                    "settingsDestinationWillKeep",
                    f"{len(plan.destination)} setting(s) will be left as they are - they would send a credential "
                    "stored here somewhere else; credentials are never restored",
                    {"destination": len(plan.destination)},
                )
            elif not_restorable:
                detail = _Detail(
                    "settingsNotRestorableWillSkip",
                    f"{not_restorable} setting(s) will be skipped - values Settings would not accept, or keys a "
                    "backup does not restore",
                    {"count": not_restorable},
                )
            elif plan.companion and not plan.blocked:
                # An exposure toggle becomes a candidate whether or not the
                # backup carried its credential, so this commit can refuse a
                # switch without having a single credential-like key to skip —
                # "0 credential-like key(s) will be skipped" would read as noise.
                detail = _Detail(
                    "settingsCompanionOnlyWillSkip",
                    f"{len(plan.companion)} switch(es) will be left off — the credential each one needs "
                    "cannot be restored from a backup",
                    {"companion": len(plan.companion)},
                )
            elif plan.companion:
                detail = _Detail(
                    "settingsCompanionWillSkip",
                    f"{len(plan.blocked)} credential-like key(s) will be skipped, and "
                    f"{len(plan.companion)} switch(es) that depend on them will be left off",
                    {"count": len(plan.blocked), "companion": len(plan.companion)},
                )
            elif plan.blocked:
                detail = _Detail(
                    "settingsCredentialsWillSkip",
                    f"{len(plan.blocked)} credential-like keys will be skipped",
                    {"count": len(plan.blocked)},
                )
            return len(values) - plan.refused_count, detail

        if category == RestoreCategory.SPOOLS:
            payload = parsed.get(SPOOLS_PATH)
            spools = payload.get("spools") if isinstance(payload, dict) else None
            usage_payload = parsed.get(SPOOL_USAGE_PATH)
            usage = usage_payload.get("usage_history") if isinstance(usage_payload, dict) else None
            # Usage records are counted here, not just described in the detail:
            # _restore_spool_usage increments this category's tally, so counting
            # only the spools broke restored + skipped + failed == item_count —
            # the invariant the settings count is careful to hold. The detail
            # breaks the total down rather than adding to it.
            count = len(spools) if isinstance(spools, list) else 0
            detail = None
            if isinstance(usage, list) and usage:
                count += len(usage)
                detail = _Detail("spoolsUsageCount", f"including {len(usage)} usage records", {"count": len(usage)})
            return count, detail

        if category == RestoreCategory.ARCHIVES:
            payload = parsed.get(ARCHIVES_PATH)
            archives = payload.get("archives") if isinstance(payload, dict) else None
            count = len(archives) if isinstance(archives, list) else 0
            # Prints are tallied with the archives, so counted here too.
            runs = _runs_of(parsed.get(RUNS_PATH))
            if runs:
                return count + len(runs), _Detail(
                    "archivesRunsCount",
                    f"including {len(runs)} print(s) - metadata only, 3MF files and thumbnails are not in a Git backup",
                    {"count": len(runs)},
                )
            return count, _Detail(
                "archivesMetadataOnly", "Metadata only — 3MF files and thumbnails are not in a Git backup"
            )

        if category == RestoreCategory.KPROFILES:
            total = 0
            serials = set()
            for path, payload in parsed.items():
                match = _KPROFILE_PATH_RE.match(path)
                if not match or not isinstance(payload, dict):
                    continue
                serials.add(match.group(1))
                profiles = payload.get("profiles")
                if isinstance(profiles, list):
                    total += len(profiles)
            detail = None
            if serials:
                detail = _Detail("kprofilesPrinterCount", f"across {len(serials)} printer(s)", {"count": len(serials)})
            return total, detail

        return 0, None

    # --- Restore -----------------------------------------------------------

    async def run_restore(
        self,
        config_id: int,
        ref: str,
        categories: list[RestoreCategory],
        overwrite_existing: bool = False,
        *,
        as_admin: bool = True,
    ) -> dict:
        """Apply selected categories from one backup commit.

        ``as_admin`` False keeps the admin-only settings as they are here
        (see ``_restoring_as_admin``).
        """
        token = _restoring_as_admin.set(as_admin)
        try:
            return await self._run_restore(config_id, ref, categories, overwrite_existing)
        finally:
            _restoring_as_admin.reset(token)

    async def _run_restore(
        self,
        config_id: int,
        ref: str,
        categories: list[RestoreCategory],
        overwrite_existing: bool,
    ) -> dict:
        # Import locally to avoid a module-level cycle: the backup service takes
        # the mirror-image lock against us.
        from backend.app.services.github_backup import github_backup_service

        # The lock serialises two concurrent restores; the backup side has no
        # lock of its own, and relies on this region staying await-free after the
        # acquisition. Both flags are plain bools on one event loop, so with no
        # suspension point between the two reads and the write, the loop cannot
        # slip github_backup.run_backup's mirror-image check in between. Adding an
        # `await` below the acquisition and above `self._running_restore = True`
        # would let a backup and a restore run at once.
        async with self._lock:
            if self._running_restore:
                return {"success": False, "message": "A restore is already running", "results": {}}
            if github_backup_service.is_running:
                return {
                    "success": False,
                    "message": "A backup is currently running. Wait for it to finish before restoring.",
                    "results": {},
                }
            self._running_restore = True

        log_id = None
        try:
            async with async_session() as db:
                result = await db.execute(select(GitHubBackupConfig).where(GitHubBackupConfig.id == config_id))
                config = result.scalar_one_or_none()
                if not config:
                    return {"success": False, "message": "Configuration not found", "results": {}}

                self._progress = "Resolving commit..."
                resolved, error, _ = await self._resolve_ref(config, ref)
                if resolved is None:
                    return {"success": False, "message": error, "results": {}}

                log = GitHubBackupLog(config_id=config_id, status="running", trigger="restore", commit_sha=resolved)
                db.add(log)
                await db.commit()
                await db.refresh(log)
                log_id = log.id

                # Owned here rather than by _apply so the failure path can see
                # the categories that were already committed when the raise
                # happened. _apply records a tally only after its category's
                # commit, so every entry present is on disk.
                results: dict[str, _CategoryTally] = {}
                try:
                    payload, error = await self._read_categories(config, resolved, categories)
                    if error:
                        raise RuntimeError(error)

                    settings_keys_written: set[str] = set()
                    await self._apply(
                        db, payload, categories, overwrite_existing, settings_keys_written, results=results
                    )
                    await db.commit()

                    # After the commit: this reconnects the relay, which is not
                    # something to do on values that could still roll back.
                    settings_tally = results.get(RestoreCategory.SETTINGS.value)
                    if settings_tally is not None:
                        self._progress = "Reconnecting the MQTT relay..."
                        await self._reconfigure_mqtt_relay(db, settings_keys_written, settings_tally)

                    total_restored = sum(tally.restored for tally in results.values())
                    any_failed = any(tally.failed for tally in results.values())

                    log.status = "failed" if any_failed and total_restored == 0 else "success"
                    log.completed_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
                    log.files_changed = total_restored
                    if any_failed:
                        log.error_message = "Some items could not be restored — see the restore result for detail"
                    await db.commit()

                    return {
                        "success": True,
                        "message": f"Restored {total_restored} item(s) from {resolved[:7]}",
                        "log_id": log_id,
                        "ref": resolved,
                        "results": {name: tally.as_dict() for name, tally in results.items()},
                    }

                except Exception as e:
                    # Rolls back the category that was mid-flight. Every category
                    # already in ``results`` committed as it finished (see
                    # _apply), so those rows survive this — and reporting an
                    # empty result over them would tell the user nothing was
                    # restored while their archives and spools are on disk.
                    logger.exception("Restore failed for config %s ref %s", config_id, resolved)
                    await db.rollback()
                    committed = sum(tally.restored for tally in results.values())
                    log.status = "failed"
                    log.completed_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
                    log.files_changed = committed
                    log.error_message = str(e)[:1000]
                    await db.commit()
                    return {
                        "success": False,
                        "message": str(e),
                        "log_id": log_id,
                        "ref": resolved,
                        "results": {name: tally.as_dict() for name, tally in results.items()},
                    }

        finally:
            self._running_restore = False
            self._progress = None

    async def _read_categories(
        self, config: GitHubBackupConfig, ref: str, categories: list[RestoreCategory]
    ) -> tuple[dict, str]:
        """Fetch and parse just the files the requested categories need."""
        backend = get_provider_backend(config.provider)
        client = await self._get_client()

        self._progress = "Listing backup contents..."
        tree = await backend.list_tree(
            repo_url=config.repository_url, token=config.access_token, ref=ref, client=client
        )
        if not tree.get("success"):
            return {}, tree.get("message") or "Could not list the commit"
        available: list[str] = tree.get("paths") or []

        wanted: list[str] = []
        for category in categories:
            wanted.extend(self._category_paths(category, available))
        if not wanted:
            return {}, "None of the selected categories are present in that commit"

        self._progress = "Downloading backup files..."
        fetched = await backend.fetch_files(
            repo_url=config.repository_url,
            token=config.access_token,
            ref=ref,
            paths=wanted,
            client=client,
            blob_shas=tree.get("blob_shas") or None,
        )
        if not fetched.get("success"):
            return {}, fetched.get("message") or "Could not read the commit contents"

        parsed, bad = self._parse_json_files(fetched.get("files") or {})
        if bad:
            return {}, f"Backup contains unreadable JSON: {', '.join(sorted(bad))}"
        return parsed, ""

    async def _apply(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        payload: dict,
        categories: list[RestoreCategory],
        overwrite: bool,
        settings_keys_written: set[str] | None = None,
        results: dict[str, _CategoryTally] | None = None,
    ) -> dict[str, _CategoryTally]:
        """Apply categories in dependency order and return per-category tallies.

        ``settings_keys_written``, if given, collects the setting keys actually
        written, for the caller's post-commit side effects (see
        ``_reconfigure_mqtt_relay``).

        ``results``, if given, is the caller's own dict rather than a fresh one.
        Each category is committed before it is recorded there, so on a raise
        the caller can report exactly what is already on disk — see the
        per-category commit below.
        """
        results = {} if results is None else results
        archive_id_map: dict[int, int] = {}

        # Every database category commits before the next one starts, and only
        # then is its tally recorded. Two reasons:
        #
        #  * SQLite has one writer. Each category is a long run of one SELECT per
        #    row or per key — _find_archive, _find_spool, the usage dedupe,
        #    _restore_settings — interleaved with autoflushed INSERTs, all inside
        #    the open write transaction. A few thousand archives plus a full
        #    usage history plausibly passes the 15 s busy_timeout
        #    (core/database.py), at which point every concurrent writer in the
        #    app fails with "database is locked". This is the same hold the
        #    K-profile phase had, arriving by volume rather than by awaiting a
        #    sulking printer.
        #  * The ordering tolerates it: the only cross-category state is
        #    archive_id_map and spool_id_map, both plain dicts in memory, and
        #    the session is expire_on_commit=False so nothing reloads.
        #
        # The cost is that a later failure no longer rolls back an earlier
        # category — which is why the tally is recorded after the commit, so
        # run_restore's failure path reports the rows that really landed instead
        # of claiming nothing was restored.

        # Archives first: spool usage history references archive_id.
        if RestoreCategory.ARCHIVES in categories:
            self._progress = "Restoring print archives..."
            tally = _CategoryTally()
            await self._restore_archives(
                db,
                payload.get(ARCHIVES_PATH),
                overwrite,
                tally,
                archive_id_map,
                runs_payload=payload.get(RUNS_PATH),
                aliases_payload=payload.get(ALIASES_PATH),
            )
            await self._restore_runs(db, payload.get(RUNS_PATH), overwrite, tally, archive_id_map)
            await db.commit()
            results[RestoreCategory.ARCHIVES.value] = tally

        if RestoreCategory.SPOOLS in categories:
            self._progress = "Restoring spool inventory..."
            tally = _CategoryTally()
            await self._restore_spools(
                db,
                payload.get(SPOOLS_PATH),
                payload.get(SPOOL_USAGE_PATH),
                overwrite,
                tally,
                archive_id_map,
            )
            await db.commit()
            results[RestoreCategory.SPOOLS.value] = tally

        if RestoreCategory.SETTINGS in categories:
            self._progress = "Restoring app settings..."
            tally = _CategoryTally()
            await self._restore_settings(
                db, payload.get(SETTINGS_PATH), overwrite, tally, keys_written=settings_keys_written
            )
            await db.commit()
            results[RestoreCategory.SETTINGS.value] = tally

        # Last, because it leaves the database and publishes over MQTT.
        if RestoreCategory.KPROFILES in categories:
            # The database categories are already committed by the loop above,
            # and that is load-bearing here rather than tidiness:
            # _restore_kprofiles awaits get_kprofiles per printer per nozzle,
            # which is timeout=5.0 * max_retries=3, i.e. up to ~15 s each against
            # an unresponsive printer. Holding SQLite's writer across that would
            # pass the 15 s busy_timeout on a farm with a couple of sulking
            # printers.
            #
            # The cost is that a K-profile failure no longer rolls back the
            # categories that already succeeded. That is the correct trade
            # anyway: extrusion_cali_set has left for the printer by then and
            # cannot be rolled back either, so a rollback would only have made
            # the database disagree with the hardware.

            self._progress = "Sending K-profiles to printers..."
            tally = _CategoryTally()
            try:
                await self._restore_kprofiles(db, payload, tally)
            except Exception as e:
                # Everything above is committed and cannot be un-committed, so
                # letting this reach run_restore's handler would report
                # "nothing was restored" over durable archive, spool and
                # settings rows — and skip the post-commit MQTT reconfigure,
                # leaving the relay on the pre-restore broker. The K-profile
                # phase is the last thing that runs, so containing it here is
                # what keeps the result honest about what actually landed.
                logger.exception("The K-profile step failed after the database categories were committed")
                # Discards the phase's own read transaction. The rows above went
                # in at the commit two statements up; this only stops a session
                # left in a failed state by a database error from turning the
                # caller's commit into that same false report.
                await db.rollback()
                outstanding = self._kprofile_profile_count(
                    content for path, content in payload.items() if _KPROFILE_PATH_RE.match(path)
                )
                outstanding -= tally.restored + tally.skipped + tally.failed
                tally.failed += max(outstanding, 0)
                tally.note(
                    "kprofilesStepFailed",
                    f"The K-profile step could not be completed: {e}",
                    reason=str(e)[:200],
                )
            results[RestoreCategory.KPROFILES.value] = tally

        return results

    # --- Per-category appliers --------------------------------------------

    async def _restore_archives(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        payload,
        overwrite: bool,
        tally: _CategoryTally,
        id_map: dict[int, int],
        *,
        runs_payload=None,
        aliases_payload=None,
    ) -> None:
        archives = payload.get("archives") if isinstance(payload, dict) else None
        if not isinstance(archives, list):
            tally.note("noData", "No data of this kind in this backup")
            return

        # An archive merged into another is not restored as a row of its own:
        # what pointed at it (its prints, spool usage) goes to the archive it
        # went into, as the merge moved them.
        aliases = _aliases_of(aliases_payload)
        # Local archives an entry of this restore already went to.
        claimed: set[int] = set()
        # Its prints' starts recognise an archive printed again since the
        # backup: the archive's own start is its latest print's.
        run_starts: dict[int, set[datetime]] = {}
        for run in _runs_of(runs_payload):
            if isinstance(run, dict) and isinstance(run.get("archive_id"), int):
                started = _parse_dt(run.get("started_at"))
                if started is not None:
                    run_starts.setdefault(run["archive_id"], set()).add(started)

        valid_printers = set((await db.execute(select(Printer.id))).scalars().all())
        valid_projects = set((await db.execute(select(Project.id))).scalars().all())
        # Ownership decides visibility, not just attribution: an archive with a
        # NULL created_by_id is a 404 to every caller without archives:read_all
        # (_ensure_archive_visible fails closed on it) and never appears in the
        # ownership-scoped list queries. Hoisted like the two above.
        #
        # username is the natural key and wins, per the module's rule at the top
        # of the file; created_by_id is the fallback for a pre-#2656 commit that
        # carries no username. That ordering is what makes restoring onto a
        # rebuilt instance safe: the users table renumbers there, so a live id
        # can land on a different person, and the id path alone cannot tell that
        # from a correct match. Resolving on the name instead means the one case
        # it cannot resolve — a user renamed since the backup — falls through to
        # ownerless-with-a-note below rather than misattributing in silence.
        users = (await db.execute(select(User.id, User.username))).all()
        valid_users = {user_id for user_id, _ in users}
        users_by_name = {username: user_id for user_id, username in users}

        # Only metadata is backed up, never the 3MF/thumbnail bytes, and
        # print_archives.file_path is NOT NULL — so inserted rows get an empty
        # path and are history-only. Say so once rather than per row.
        warned_files = False

        for entry in archives:
            if not isinstance(entry, dict):
                tally.failed += 1
                continue

            old_id = entry.get("id") if isinstance(entry.get("id"), int) else None
            if old_id in aliases:
                tally.skipped += 1
                tally.note(
                    "archivesMergedFollowed",
                    "Archives merged into another are not restored as rows of their own - what pointed at them "
                    "goes to the archive they were merged into",
                )
                continue
            started_at = _parse_dt(entry.get("started_at"))
            existing = await self._find_archive(
                db, entry, started_at, run_starts.get(old_id, set()) if old_id is not None else ()
            )
            # Merged here since the backup: its prints went into the archive
            # it went into, and so does everything else of this entry. That
            # archive is not overwritten with this one's fields, nor with a
            # second entry's: it holds what the merge joined.
            followed = False
            if existing is not None:
                into = await db.scalar(
                    select(ArchiveAlias.archive_id).where(ArchiveAlias.merged_archive_id == existing.id)
                )
                if into is not None:
                    existing = await db.get(PrintArchive, into)
                    followed = True
            if existing is not None and (followed or existing.id in claimed):
                if old_id is not None:
                    id_map[old_id] = existing.id
                tally.skipped += 1
                tally.note(
                    "archivesMergedFollowed",
                    "Archives merged into another are not restored as rows of their own - what pointed at them "
                    "goes to the archive they were merged into",
                )
                continue

            numbers = {
                "print_time_seconds": _restored_number(entry.get("print_time_seconds"), integer=True),
                "filament_used_grams": _restored_number(entry.get("filament_used_grams"), maximum=_MAX_RESTORED_GRAMS),
                "cost": _restored_number(entry.get("cost")),
                "energy_kwh": _restored_number(entry.get("energy_kwh")),
                "energy_cost": _restored_number(entry.get("energy_cost")),
                "wear_cost": _restored_number(entry.get("wear_cost")),
            }
            if any(entry.get(key) is not None and value is None for key, value in numbers.items()):
                tally.note(
                    "archivesNumbersDropped",
                    "Some archives had grams, costs, energy or print times that are not valid numbers - left empty",
                )
            # 0 is a real quantity (a ruined plate, #3051); the archive editor
            # takes 0..10000. Anything else is the one print it stood for.
            quantity = _restored_number(entry.get("quantity"), maximum=10_000, integer=True)
            if quantity is None:
                quantity = 1
            # A print running when the backup was made is long over: closed
            # here the way the stale-archive cleanup closes one. Restored as
            # running, the next reconnect closed it as a print that had just
            # failed, with a failure notification and a Print Log row (ST/I7).
            status = entry.get("status") or "completed"
            failure_reason = entry.get("failure_reason")
            backed_up_in_flight = status in ("printing", "paused")
            if backed_up_in_flight:
                status, failure_reason = "cancelled", "noStatusUpdate"
            fields = {
                "print_name": entry.get("print_name"),
                "print_time_seconds": numbers["print_time_seconds"],
                "filament_used_grams": numbers["filament_used_grams"],
                "filament_type": entry.get("filament_type"),
                "filament_color": entry.get("filament_color"),
                "layer_height": entry.get("layer_height"),
                "total_layers": entry.get("total_layers"),
                "nozzle_diameter": entry.get("nozzle_diameter"),
                "bed_temperature": entry.get("bed_temperature"),
                "nozzle_temperature": entry.get("nozzle_temperature"),
                "sliced_for_model": entry.get("sliced_for_model"),
                "status": status,
                "started_at": started_at,
                "completed_at": _parse_dt(entry.get("completed_at")),
                "makerworld_url": entry.get("makerworld_url"),
                "designer": entry.get("designer"),
                "external_url": entry.get("external_url"),
                "is_favorite": bool(entry.get("is_favorite")),
                "tags": entry.get("tags"),
                "notes": entry.get("notes"),
                "cost": numbers["cost"],
                "failure_reason": failure_reason,
                "quantity": quantity,
                "energy_kwh": numbers["energy_kwh"],
                "energy_cost": numbers["energy_cost"],
                "wear_cost": numbers["wear_cost"],
            }

            printer_id = entry.get("printer_id")
            if printer_id is not None and printer_id not in valid_printers:
                tally.note(
                    "archivesPrinterMissing", "Some archives referenced printers that no longer exist — link cleared"
                )
                printer_id = None
            project_id = entry.get("project_id")
            if project_id is not None and project_id not in valid_projects:
                tally.note(
                    "archivesProjectMissing", "Some archives referenced projects that no longer exist — link cleared"
                )
                project_id = None
            fields["printer_id"] = printer_id
            fields["project_id"] = project_id

            # The ownership pair and deleted_at are the late arrivals — a backup
            # commit taken before the collector wrote them carries neither key.
            # Absent is NOT the same as null here, because the overwrite branch
            # below is a blanket setattr: treating a missing key as None would
            # write NULL over a live owner (_ensure_archive_visible then 404s the
            # archive for the very user who owns it — the failure carrying the
            # column was added to fix) and silently un-delete a row the user
            # deleted. So only carry a column the backup actually knows about;
            # on insert, an absent key just takes the model default.
            # An owner the backup names but this instance cannot resolve is the
            # same epistemic state as an absent key — we do not know who owns
            # this archive — so it takes the same action: the column is left out
            # of ``fields`` entirely rather than set to None. Writing NULL there
            # would take the owner away from a local archive that has a perfectly
            # good one, which is the 404-for-its-own-owner failure this column is
            # carried across to fix, and it would do it on the overwrite path
            # where there is a local answer to keep. On insert there is nothing
            # to keep, so the row takes the model default and lands ownerless,
            # which is what the note says.
            owner_cleared = False
            backup_username = entry.get("created_by_username")
            if isinstance(backup_username, str) and backup_username:
                # The natural-key path. A miss here is a user renamed or deleted
                # since the backup, and there is nothing else to resolve on: the
                # id alongside it is from the source instance's numbering, so
                # trusting it is exactly the misattribution the name is here to
                # prevent. Not a reason to fail the row — the archive is still
                # worth having, and an admin can reassign it — but said out loud
                # on insert, because an ownerless archive is not silent-safe.
                created_by_id = users_by_name.get(backup_username)
                if created_by_id is None:
                    if existing is None:
                        tally.note(
                            "archivesOwnerUnmatched",
                            "Some archives name an owner this instance does not have — owner cleared rather than "
                            "guessed from the backup's user id, so they are visible only to users with the "
                            "archives:read_all permission until an admin reassigns them",
                        )
                        owner_cleared = True
                else:
                    fields["created_by_id"] = created_by_id
            elif "created_by_id" in entry:
                # Fallback for a commit taken before the collector recorded the
                # username. Validated rather than trusted, so a *stale* id is
                # dropped instead of pointing somewhere wrong; a live id
                # belonging to a different person on a rebuilt instance is the
                # case this path cannot see, and is why the branch above exists.
                # An explicit null is not a miss — the backup is saying the
                # archive had no owner — so it is written, and overwrite keeps
                # meaning "make the local row match the backup".
                created_by_id = entry.get("created_by_id")
                if created_by_id is not None and created_by_id not in valid_users:
                    if existing is None:
                        tally.note(
                            "archivesOwnerCleared",
                            "Some archives referenced users that no longer exist — owner cleared, so they are "
                            "visible only to users with the archives:read_all permission until an admin "
                            "reassigns them",
                        )
                        owner_cleared = True
                else:
                    fields["created_by_id"] = created_by_id
            if "deleted_at" in entry:
                # A soft-deleted archive is still in the backup (its row is kept
                # so stats keep counting it), so carry the flag across or the
                # restore turns something the user deleted back into a visible
                # archive.
                fields["deleted_at"] = _parse_dt(entry.get("deleted_at"))

            if existing is not None:
                claimed.add(existing.id)
                if old_id is not None:
                    id_map[old_id] = existing.id
                if not overwrite:
                    tally.skipped += 1
                    continue
                # Overwrite means "make the local row match the backup", which
                # includes un-deleting one the user deleted after the backup was
                # taken. Legitimate, but not obvious from a restored/skipped
                # count, so say it.
                if existing.deleted_at is not None and "deleted_at" in fields and fields["deleted_at"] is None:
                    tally.note(
                        "archivesUndeleted",
                        "Archive(s) deleted since the backup are visible again — overwrite was on",
                    )
                if backed_up_in_flight:
                    # The local row is that same print, still running or since
                    # ended: it knows more about its outcome than the backup's
                    # snapshot of it mid-way. Closing it here would end a live
                    # print's archive, or overwrite a real result.
                    for key in ("status", "failure_reason", "completed_at"):
                        fields.pop(key, None)
                for key, value in fields.items():
                    setattr(existing, key, value)
                tally.restored += 1
                continue

            if not warned_files:
                tally.note(
                    "archivesMetadataOnly",
                    "Restored archives carry metadata only — the 3MF and thumbnail files are not in a Git backup",
                )
                warned_files = True

            # Insert-only, and the mirror of the rule above: an owner the backup
            # cannot tell us is never written, so on overwrite the local one
            # survives — but there is no local row here to fall back on, so the
            # archive lands ownerless, a 404 for everyone without
            # archives:read_all. Three ways to get here: a commit taken before
            # the collector recorded the column (every pre-#2656 backup), an
            # archive that genuinely had no owner on the source instance, or one
            # whose owner this instance cannot resolve. All restore fine and all
            # were silent, so the tally said "N archives restored" while the user
            # who asked for them saw none. The unresolved cases above already
            # said their piece; don't say it twice for the same row.
            if fields.get("created_by_id") is None and not owner_cleared:
                tally.note(
                    "archivesOwnerUnknown",
                    "Some archives were restored without an owner — this backup does not record one, so they "
                    "are visible only to users with the archives:read_all permission until an admin reassigns "
                    "them",
                )

            row = PrintArchive(
                filename=entry.get("filename") or "restored-from-backup",
                file_path="",
                file_size=entry.get("file_size") or 0,
                content_hash=entry.get("content_hash"),
                **fields,
            )
            created_at = _parse_dt(entry.get("created_at"))
            if created_at is not None:
                row.created_at = created_at
            db.add(row)
            await db.flush()
            claimed.add(row.id)
            if old_id is not None:
                id_map[old_id] = row.id
            tally.restored += 1

        for merged, into in aliases.items():
            if into in id_map:
                id_map[merged] = id_map[into]

    async def _find_archive(
        self, db: AsyncSession, entry: dict, started_at: datetime | None, run_starts: Iterable[datetime] = ()
    ) -> PrintArchive | None:
        """Match a backed-up archive to a local row by natural key.

        ``started_at`` is nullable and genuinely NULL for a whole class of rows —
        the re-slice path in ``library.py`` constructs ``PrintArchive`` without
        one — so it cannot be *required* by the key. It narrows the match instead:
        a backed-up row with no ``started_at`` matches a local row that has none
        either. Requiring it meant those archives never matched, so each restore
        re-inserted them as duplicates and overwrite mode could never update them.

        ``content_hash`` identifies the sliced file on its own, which is why it is
        the branch allowed to run without a ``started_at``; ``filename`` is too
        weak for that (re-slices share it) and still requires one. Two backed-up
        rows sharing a hash *and* having no ``started_at`` are indistinguishable
        in the backup, so they collapse onto one local row — better than
        duplicating both on every restore.

        Soft-deleted rows are matched deliberately: there is no ``deleted_at``
        filter here because the row still exists, and matching it is what stops a
        restore inserting a live duplicate of an archive the user has deleted.
        """
        created_at = _parse_dt(entry.get("created_at"))
        # A print of it starting then, here or in the backup: printed again
        # since, the archive's own start is a later print's (archive redesign
        # P3).
        starts = set(run_starts) | ({started_at} if started_at else set())

        async def best(where, *, own_start: bool) -> PrintArchive | None:
            rows = (await db.execute(select(PrintArchive).where(where).order_by(PrintArchive.id))).scalars().all()
            if not rows:
                return None
            # Its own row first, by its own start: one merged since is then
            # followed by the caller rather than taken for its survivor.
            if own_start:
                for row in rows:
                    if row.started_at == started_at:
                        return row
            if starts:
                # Core table, so a print running now counts too.
                runs = PrintLogEntry.__table__.c
                printed = set(
                    (
                        await db.execute(
                            select(runs.archive_id).where(
                                runs.archive_id.in_([row.id for row in rows]), runs.started_at.in_(starts)
                            )
                        )
                    )
                    .scalars()
                    .all()
                )
                for row in rows:
                    if row.id in printed:
                        return row
            # When it was archived, which no print changes: an archive printed
            # since, without a start or print in the backup to go by.
            return next((row for row in rows if _created_at_matches(row, created_at)), None)

        content_hash = entry.get("content_hash")
        if content_hash:
            row = await best(PrintArchive.content_hash == content_hash, own_start=True)
            if row is not None:
                return row

        filename = entry.get("filename")
        if filename:
            return await best(PrintArchive.filename == filename, own_start=started_at is not None)
        return None

    async def _restore_runs(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        payload,
        overwrite: bool,
        tally: _CategoryTally,
        id_map: dict[int, int],
    ) -> None:
        """Each print of the restored archives (archive redesign P3).

        After the archives, through their ``old_id -> new_id`` map. A print
        already here is the same archive's at the same start on the same
        plate; it is left alone, or made to match the backup with overwrite.
        Each archive that gained or changed a print then takes its latest
        print's outcome, as everywhere else. A backup written before prints
        were backed up has none, and its archives restore as before.
        """
        from backend.app.services.print_log import mirror_latest_run

        runs = _runs_of(payload)
        if not runs:
            return

        valid_printers = set((await db.execute(select(Printer.id))).scalars().all())
        users_by_name = {name: user_id for user_id, name in (await db.execute(select(User.id, User.username))).all()}
        touched: set[int] = set()

        for entry in runs:
            if not isinstance(entry, dict):
                tally.failed += 1
                continue
            backup_archive = entry.get("archive_id")
            archive_id = None
            if backup_archive is not None:
                archive_id = id_map.get(backup_archive) if isinstance(backup_archive, int) else None
                if archive_id is None:
                    # Its archive is not in this restore (it failed, or the
                    # backup is damaged): there is nothing to attach it to.
                    tally.skipped += 1
                    tally.note("runsArchiveMissing", "Some prints were skipped - their archive is not in this restore")
                    continue

            started_at = _parse_dt(entry.get("started_at"))
            created_at = _parse_dt(entry.get("created_at"))
            plate_id = entry.get("plate_id") if isinstance(entry.get("plate_id"), int) else None
            existing = await self._find_run(db, archive_id, started_at, plate_id, created_at, entry)

            numbers = {
                "duration_seconds": _restored_number(entry.get("duration_seconds"), integer=True),
                "filament_used_grams": _restored_number(entry.get("filament_used_grams"), maximum=_MAX_RESTORED_GRAMS),
                "cost": _restored_number(entry.get("cost")),
                "energy_kwh": _restored_number(entry.get("energy_kwh")),
                "energy_cost": _restored_number(entry.get("energy_cost")),
                "wear_cost": _restored_number(entry.get("wear_cost")),
                "quantity": _restored_number(entry.get("quantity"), maximum=10_000, integer=True),
            }
            if any(entry.get(key) is not None and value is None for key, value in numbers.items()):
                tally.note(
                    "runsNumbersDropped",
                    "Some prints had grams, costs, energy or durations that are not valid numbers - left empty",
                )
            # A print running when the backup was made is long over: closed
            # as its archive is (see _restore_archives).
            status = entry.get("status") if isinstance(entry.get("status"), str) else "completed"
            failure_reason = entry.get("failure_reason")
            in_flight = status in (RUN_OPEN, "paused")
            if in_flight:
                status, failure_reason = "cancelled", "noStatusUpdate"
            verdict = entry.get("user_verdict") if entry.get("user_verdict") in _RUN_VERDICTS else None

            printer_id = entry.get("printer_id")
            if printer_id is not None and printer_id not in valid_printers:
                tally.note(
                    "runsPrinterMissing",
                    "Some prints referenced printers that no longer exist - link cleared, their printer name kept",
                )
                printer_id = None
            username = entry.get("created_by_username")
            owner_name = entry.get("owner_username")
            fields = {
                "archive_id": archive_id,
                "print_name": entry.get("print_name"),
                "plate_id": plate_id,
                "printer_id": printer_id,
                "printer_name": entry.get("printer_name"),
                "status": status,
                "started_at": started_at,
                "completed_at": _parse_dt(entry.get("completed_at")),
                "duration_unmeasured": entry.get("duration_unmeasured"),
                "ended_offline": entry.get("ended_offline"),
                "filament_type": entry.get("filament_type"),
                "filament_color": entry.get("filament_color"),
                "failure_reason": failure_reason,
                "user_verdict": verdict,
                "user_verdict_source": entry.get("user_verdict_source") if verdict else None,
                "user_verdict_at": _parse_dt(entry.get("user_verdict_at")) if verdict else None,
                "notes": entry.get("notes"),
                "created_by_username": username if isinstance(username, str) else None,
                **numbers,
            }
            # By name, never the backup's id, and only the owner's: the
            # recorded name stays when its user is deleted, and may be someone
            # else's by now. A name this instance does not have is left out,
            # as for archives: a local print keeps its owner, a new one has
            # none and keeps the name.
            owner = users_by_name.get(owner_name) if isinstance(owner_name, str) else None
            if owner is not None or not isinstance(owner_name, str):
                fields["created_by_id"] = owner

            if existing is not None:
                # The local print knows more than the backup's snapshot of it
                # mid-way (its figures came at its end), and one printing now
                # is still being written by its print.
                if not overwrite or in_flight or existing.status == RUN_OPEN:
                    tally.skipped += 1
                    continue
                for key, value in fields.items():
                    setattr(existing, key, value)
                tally.restored += 1
            else:
                row = PrintLogEntry(**fields)
                if created_at is not None:
                    # Statistics date a print by it.
                    row.created_at = created_at
                db.add(row)
                await db.flush()
                tally.restored += 1
            if archive_id is not None:
                touched.add(archive_id)

        for archive_id in touched:
            await mirror_latest_run(db, archive_id)

    async def _find_run(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        archive_id: int | None,
        started_at: datetime | None,
        plate_id: int | None,
        created_at: datetime | None,
        entry: dict,
    ) -> PrintLogEntry | None:
        """The same print already here: its archive's, started then, on that
        plate. Without a start, by when it was logged (compared in Python, see
        _created_at_matches); one without an archive by its printer and name
        too. A print running now counts."""
        query = (
            select(PrintLogEntry)
            .where(
                PrintLogEntry.archive_id == archive_id
                if archive_id is not None
                else PrintLogEntry.archive_id.is_(None),
                PrintLogEntry.plate_id == plate_id if plate_id is not None else PrintLogEntry.plate_id.is_(None),
                PrintLogEntry.started_at == started_at if started_at else PrintLogEntry.started_at.is_(None),
            )
            .order_by(PrintLogEntry.id)
            .execution_options(**{INCLUDE_OPEN_RUNS: True})
        )
        if archive_id is None:
            query = query.where(
                PrintLogEntry.printer_name == entry.get("printer_name"),
                PrintLogEntry.print_name == entry.get("print_name"),
            )
        candidates = (await db.execute(query)).scalars().all()
        if started_at:
            return candidates[0] if candidates else None
        return next((row for row in candidates if _created_at_matches(row, created_at)), None)

    async def _restore_spools(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        inventory,
        usage_payload,
        overwrite: bool,
        tally: _CategoryTally,
        archive_id_map: dict[int, int],
    ) -> None:
        spools = inventory.get("spools") if isinstance(inventory, dict) else None
        if not isinstance(spools, list):
            usage = usage_payload.get("usage_history") if isinstance(usage_payload, dict) else None
            if isinstance(usage, list) and usage:
                # A Spoolman-mode backup: usage of Spoolman spools, no built-in
                # spools to go with it (#3407).
                await self._restore_spool_usage(db, usage_payload, tally, {}, archive_id_map)
                return
            tally.note("noData", "No data of this kind in this backup")
            return

        spool_id_map: dict[int, int] = {}
        tags_kept = 0

        for entry in spools:
            if not isinstance(entry, dict):
                tally.failed += 1
                continue

            old_id = entry.get("id") if isinstance(entry.get("id"), int) else None
            existing, matched_on = await self._find_spool(db, entry)

            fields = {
                "material": entry.get("material") or "PLA",
                "subtype": entry.get("subtype"),
                "color_name": entry.get("color_name"),
                "rgba": entry.get("rgba"),
                "brand": entry.get("brand"),
                "label_weight": entry.get("label_weight") or 1000,
                "core_weight": entry.get("core_weight") or 250,
                "weight_used": entry.get("weight_used") or 0,
                "weight_locked": bool(entry.get("weight_locked")),
                "slicer_filament": entry.get("slicer_filament"),
                "slicer_filament_name": entry.get("slicer_filament_name"),
                "nozzle_temp_min": entry.get("nozzle_temp_min"),
                "nozzle_temp_max": entry.get("nozzle_temp_max"),
                "note": entry.get("note"),
                "cost_per_kg": entry.get("cost_per_kg"),
                "tag_uid": entry.get("tag_uid"),
                "tray_uuid": entry.get("tray_uuid"),
                "data_origin": entry.get("data_origin"),
                "tag_type": entry.get("tag_type"),
                "archived_at": _parse_dt(entry.get("archived_at")),
            }

            # The user's own bookkeeping on the spool: purchasing number
            # (#2870), category and low-stock override (#729), free-text
            # storage. Added to the backup format after the fields above, so
            # they are applied only when the file actually carries them —
            # an older backup must not wipe what the live row holds.
            # `location_id` is deliberately absent: the locations table is
            # not backed up, so the ID would point at whatever owns it here.
            for late_field in ("material_number", "category", "low_stock_threshold_pct", "storage_location"):
                if late_field in entry:
                    fields[late_field] = entry[late_field]
            # The "Reset Total Consumed" point (WU-7), same late-field rule; a
            # value that is no amount of filament keeps what the row holds.
            baseline = _restored_number(entry.get("weight_used_baseline"))
            if baseline is not None:
                fields["weight_used_baseline"] = baseline
            # When it was last used (LU-4), same late-field rule.
            if "last_used" in entry:
                fields["last_used"] = _parse_dt(entry.get("last_used"))
            # Last drying (#2863), same late-field rule.
            if "last_dried_at" in entry:
                fields["last_dried_at"] = _parse_dt(entry.get("last_dried_at"))
                fields["last_dried_temp"] = entry.get("last_dried_temp")
                fields["last_dried_hours"] = entry.get("last_dried_hours")

            if existing is not None:
                if old_id is not None:
                    spool_id_map[old_id] = existing.id
                if not overwrite:
                    tally.skipped += 1
                    continue
                tags_kept += await self._guard_tag_overwrite(db, existing, fields, matched_on)
                for key, value in fields.items():
                    setattr(existing, key, value)
                tally.restored += 1
                continue

            row = Spool(**fields)
            # Carry the original created_at across. Without it the row would be
            # stamped "now", and the composite fallback in _find_spool (which
            # keys on created_at) would miss on a second restore and insert a
            # duplicate instead of matching.
            created_at = _parse_dt(entry.get("created_at"))
            if created_at is not None:
                row.created_at = created_at
            db.add(row)
            await db.flush()
            if old_id is not None:
                spool_id_map[old_id] = row.id
            tally.restored += 1

        if tags_kept:
            tally.note(
                "spoolTagKept",
                f"{tags_kept} spool tag(s) left as they are — the backup would have cleared a tag that "
                "has since been scanned, or moved one onto a second spool.",
                count=tags_kept,
            )

        await self._restore_spool_usage(db, usage_payload, tally, spool_id_map, archive_id_map)

    async def _find_spool(self, db: AsyncSession, entry: dict) -> tuple[Spool | None, str | None]:
        """Match a backed-up spool to a local row, and say which key matched.

        Physical identity first (an RFID/Bambu tag is the spool), then a
        descriptive composite including ``created_at`` so two otherwise
        identical spools added at different times stay distinct.

        The second element names the column that matched — ``"tag_uid"``,
        ``"tray_uuid"`` or ``None`` for the composite. ``_guard_tag_overwrite``
        needs it: the matched column holds the incoming value by definition, so
        it is the *other* one that overwrite can corrupt.
        """
        tag_uid = entry.get("tag_uid")
        if tag_uid:
            result = await db.execute(select(Spool).where(Spool.tag_uid == tag_uid))
            row = result.scalars().first()
            if row is not None:
                return row, "tag_uid"

        tray_uuid = entry.get("tray_uuid")
        if tray_uuid:
            result = await db.execute(select(Spool).where(Spool.tray_uuid == tray_uuid))
            row = result.scalars().first()
            if row is not None:
                return row, "tray_uuid"

        created_at = _parse_dt(entry.get("created_at"))
        if created_at is None:
            return None, None
        # created_at is filtered in Python, not here — see _created_at_matches.
        result = await db.execute(
            select(Spool).where(
                Spool.material == (entry.get("material") or "PLA"),
                Spool.brand == entry.get("brand"),
                Spool.subtype == entry.get("subtype"),
                Spool.color_name == entry.get("color_name"),
            )
        )
        for row in result.scalars():
            if _created_at_matches(row, created_at):
                return row, None
        return None, None

    @staticmethod
    async def _guard_tag_overwrite(db: AsyncSession, existing: Spool, fields: dict, matched_on: str | None) -> int:
        """Remove tag columns from ``fields`` that an overwrite would corrupt.

        ``tag_uid`` and ``tray_uuid`` are both in ``fields`` and overwrite is a
        blanket ``setattr`` loop, so a spool matched on one key gets the backup's
        *other* key written onto it. Neither column has a unique constraint
        (``models/spool.py``, and no unique index in the migrations), so nothing
        errors — a duplicate tag simply appears, after which ``_find_spool``'s
        ``.first()`` is non-deterministic and an AMS tag lookup resolves to an
        arbitrary one of the two spools. The same loop can also *clear* a tag the
        user has scanned since the backup was taken, when the backup entry holds
        ``None``.

        Two refusals, and the row is otherwise overwritten as normal:

        * the incoming value is empty and the local row has one — the backup
          predates the scan, so the local tag is the newer fact;
        * the incoming value is already held by a different local spool — writing
          it would create the duplicate described above.

        Returns how many columns were left alone, so the caller can say so in the
        tally rather than doing it silently.
        """
        kept = 0
        for column in ("tag_uid", "tray_uuid"):
            # The column we matched on already holds the incoming value.
            if column == matched_on:
                continue

            incoming = fields.get(column)
            current = getattr(existing, column)
            if incoming == current:
                continue

            if not incoming:
                if current:
                    fields.pop(column)
                    kept += 1
                continue

            clash = await db.execute(
                select(Spool.id).where(getattr(Spool, column) == incoming, Spool.id != existing.id)
            )
            if clash.scalars().first() is not None:
                fields.pop(column)
                kept += 1
        return kept

    async def _restore_spool_usage(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        usage_payload,
        tally: _CategoryTally,
        spool_id_map: dict[int, int],
        archive_id_map: dict[int, int],
    ) -> None:
        usage = usage_payload.get("usage_history") if isinstance(usage_payload, dict) else None
        if not isinstance(usage, list) or not usage:
            return

        valid_printers = set((await db.execute(select(Printer.id))).scalars().all())
        unresolved = 0
        unlinked_archives = 0

        for entry in usage:
            if not isinstance(entry, dict):
                tally.failed += 1
                continue

            old_spool_id = entry.get("spool_id")
            spool_id = spool_id_map.get(old_spool_id) if isinstance(old_spool_id, int) else None
            # Usage of a spool deleted before the backup has no spool, and is
            # restored without one; only a spool id that resolves to nothing is skipped.
            if spool_id is None and old_spool_id is not None:
                # The parent spool never made it into the map: the backup's spool
                # list didn't include it, or its entry carried no integer id. A
                # spool that was merely *skipped* (matched locally, overwrite off)
                # is mapped a few lines up in _restore_spools, so it never lands
                # here — which is why the note below offers no remedy.
                unresolved += 1
                tally.skipped += 1
                continue

            created_at = _parse_dt(entry.get("created_at"))
            # Usage history has no natural key of its own, so dedupe on the
            # tuple that makes a consumption event unique in practice. As in
            # _find_spool, created_at is compared in Python — see
            # _created_at_matches. An entry carrying no created_at at all
            # cannot be recognised and is re-inserted, which is what the
            # IS NULL comparison this replaced did too: the column is
            # non-nullable, so it never matched either.
            # Spoolman's ids are its own, so they come back as they were.
            spoolman_spool_id = entry.get("spoolman_spool_id")
            if not isinstance(spoolman_spool_id, int) or isinstance(spoolman_spool_id, bool):
                spoolman_spool_id = None
            existing = await db.execute(
                select(SpoolUsageHistory).where(
                    SpoolUsageHistory.spool_id == spool_id,
                    SpoolUsageHistory.spoolman_spool_id == spoolman_spool_id,
                    SpoolUsageHistory.weight_used == (entry.get("weight_used") or 0),
                    SpoolUsageHistory.print_name == entry.get("print_name"),
                )
            )
            if any(_created_at_matches(row, created_at) for row in existing.scalars()):
                tally.skipped += 1
                continue

            printer_id = entry.get("printer_id")
            if printer_id is not None and printer_id not in valid_printers:
                printer_id = None

            old_archive_id = entry.get("archive_id")
            archive_id = archive_id_map.get(old_archive_id) if isinstance(old_archive_id, int) else None
            if archive_id is None and isinstance(old_archive_id, int):
                # Restoring spools without archives leaves archive_id_map empty,
                # so every "this print consumed that spool" link is dropped — the
                # local archive may well exist, but its payload wasn't fetched,
                # so there is no natural key here to match it on. Nor is it
                # repairable by a later archives-only restore: the dedupe key
                # above doesn't include archive_id, so these rows are recognised
                # as already-present and skipped. Worth telling the user while
                # they can still redo the run with both categories ticked.
                unlinked_archives += 1

            weight_used = _restored_number(entry.get("weight_used"))
            percent_used = _restored_number(entry.get("percent_used"), integer=True)
            cost = _restored_number(entry.get("cost"))
            if any(
                entry.get(key) is not None and value is None
                for key, value in (("weight_used", weight_used), ("percent_used", percent_used), ("cost", cost))
            ):
                tally.note(
                    "usageNumbersDropped",
                    "Some usage entries had weights or costs that are not valid numbers - left empty",
                )
            row = SpoolUsageHistory(
                spool_id=spool_id,
                spoolman_spool_id=spoolman_spool_id,
                printer_id=printer_id,
                print_name=entry.get("print_name"),
                archive_id=archive_id,
                weight_used=weight_used or 0,
                percent_used=percent_used or 0,
                status=entry.get("status") or "completed",
                cost=cost,
            )
            if created_at is not None:
                row.created_at = created_at
            db.add(row)
            tally.restored += 1

        if unresolved:
            tally.note(
                "spoolUsageUnresolved",
                f"{unresolved} usage record(s) skipped — their spool is not in this backup's "
                "spool list, so there is nothing to attach them to.",
                count=unresolved,
            )
        if unlinked_archives:
            tally.note(
                "spoolUsageUnlinked",
                f"{unlinked_archives} usage record(s) restored without their print-history link — "
                "select Print archives alongside Spool inventory to keep it.",
                count=unlinked_archives,
            )

    async def _restore_settings(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        payload,
        overwrite: bool,
        tally: _CategoryTally,
        keys_written: set[str] | None = None,
    ) -> None:
        values = payload.get("settings") if isinstance(payload, dict) else None
        if not isinstance(values, dict):
            tally.note("noData", "No data of this kind in this backup")
            return

        # Planned before the first write, so the companion rule reads genuinely
        # pre-restore local state, and so the preview and this run classify the
        # payload identically.
        plan = await self._plan_settings(db, values)
        refused = plan.refused

        for key, value in values.items():
            if not isinstance(key, str) or not key:
                tally.failed += 1
                continue
            if key in refused:
                # Refusals are reported in the notes and nowhere else. They are
                # already outside the preview's item count, and the preview is
                # the number the user was shown, so counting them here would
                # make restored + skipped + failed exceed it. The two skips
                # below stay counted because they depend on this run's flags,
                # which the preview cannot see.
                continue
            if value is None:
                tally.skipped += 1
                continue

            result = await db.execute(select(Settings).where(Settings.key == key))
            existing = result.scalar_one_or_none()
            if existing is not None:
                if not overwrite:
                    tally.skipped += 1
                    continue
                existing.value = plan.stored[key]
                tally.restored += 1
                if keys_written is not None:
                    keys_written.add(key)
                continue

            db.add(Settings(key=key, value=plan.stored[key]))
            tally.restored += 1
            if keys_written is not None:
                keys_written.add(key)

        # A backup taken before a printer delete still lists it, and SQLite gives
        # its id to the next printer created.
        await drop_printers_from_obico(db)

        if plan.blocked:
            tally.note(
                "settingsCredentialsSkipped",
                f"{len(plan.blocked)} credential-like key(s) skipped — re-enter secrets manually",
                count=len(plan.blocked),
            )
        if plan.protected:
            tally.note(
                "settingsAuthSkipped",
                f"{len(plan.protected)} authentication setting(s) skipped — change those in Settings > "
                "Authentication so the lockout checks still run",
                count=len(plan.protected),
            )
        if plan.companion:
            keys = ", ".join(sorted(plan.companion))
            tally.note(
                "settingsCompanionSkipped",
                f"{keys} left switched off — the credential each one needs cannot be restored from a "
                "backup and this instance has none stored, so switching them on would leave the "
                "integration unauthenticated",
                keys=keys,
                count=len(plan.companion),
            )
        if plan.two_factor:
            tally.note(
                "settingsTwoFactorSkipped",
                f"{len(plan.two_factor)} email sign-in code setting(s) skipped - each user switches email codes "
                "on or off in their own account",
                count=len(plan.two_factor),
            )
        if plan.address:
            keys = ", ".join(sorted(plan.address))
            tally.note(
                "settingsAddressKept",
                f"{keys} left as they are - they decide where Bambuddy sends data, emails or backups; change them "
                "in Settings",
                keys=keys,
                count=len(plan.address),
            )
        if plan.invalid:
            keys = ", ".join(sorted(plan.invalid))
            tally.note(
                "settingsInvalidSkipped",
                f"{keys} skipped - the value in the backup is not one Settings would accept",
                keys=keys,
                count=len(plan.invalid),
            )
        if plan.unknown:
            keys = ", ".join(sorted(plan.unknown))
            tally.note(
                "settingsUnknownSkipped",
                f"{keys} skipped - not settings a backup restores (runtime state, account sessions or unknown keys)",
                keys=keys,
                count=len(plan.unknown),
            )
        if plan.destination:
            keys = ", ".join(sorted(plan.destination))
            tally.note(
                "settingsDestinationKept",
                f"{keys} left as they are - this instance has a stored credential that would otherwise be sent "
                "to the address in the backup. Change them in Settings and enter the credential again.",
                keys=keys,
                count=len(plan.destination),
            )

    async def _reconfigure_mqtt_relay(self, db: AsyncSession, keys_written: set[str], tally: _CategoryTally) -> None:
        """Push restored mqtt_* settings into the live relay.

        The relay reads its broker config once, at configure() time — the
        settings PUT handler reconfigures it for exactly this reason
        (api/routes/settings.py). Writing the rows alone left the relay on the
        pre-restore broker until the next backend restart while the UI showed
        the restored values, which is the one way a restore could look applied
        and not be.

        Called after the commit, never before: configure() tears the connection
        down and rebuilds it, so it must not run against values a later failure
        could roll back. Only mqtt_password can't come back this way (the
        credential blocklist skips it) — the row already in the database is
        reused, so an unchanged broker keeps working.
        """
        if not _MQTT_SETTING_KEYS & keys_written:
            return

        try:
            from backend.app.services.mqtt_relay import mqtt_relay

            rows = await db.execute(select(Settings).where(Settings.key.in_(_MQTT_SETTING_KEYS)))
            stored = {s.key: s.value for s in rows.scalars().all()}

            # Same shape and defaults the settings PUT handler builds.
            await mqtt_relay.configure(
                {
                    "mqtt_enabled": (stored.get("mqtt_enabled") or "false") == "true",
                    "mqtt_broker": stored.get("mqtt_broker") or "",
                    "mqtt_port": int(stored.get("mqtt_port") or "1883"),
                    "mqtt_username": stored.get("mqtt_username") or "",
                    "mqtt_password": stored.get("mqtt_password") or "",
                    "mqtt_topic_prefix": stored.get("mqtt_topic_prefix") or "bambuddy",
                    "mqtt_use_tls": (stored.get("mqtt_use_tls") or "false") == "true",
                }
            )
        except Exception:
            # Same call is best-effort in the settings PUT handler: the rows are
            # committed either way, and a broker that refuses the new config
            # must not turn a successful restore into a failed one. Noted rather
            # than swallowed silently, so the user knows to restart.
            logger.warning("Could not reconfigure the MQTT relay after a settings restore", exc_info=True)
            tally.note(
                "settingsMqttRelayFailed",
                "MQTT settings restored, but the relay could not be reconnected — restart Bambuddy",
            )

    async def _restore_kprofiles(self, db: AsyncSession, payload: dict, tally: _CategoryTally) -> None:
        by_serial: dict[str, list[tuple[str, dict]]] = {}
        for path, content in payload.items():
            match = _KPROFILE_PATH_RE.match(path)
            if not match or not isinstance(content, dict):
                continue
            by_serial.setdefault(match.group(1), []).append((match.group(2), content))

        if not by_serial:
            tally.note("noData", "No data of this kind in this backup")
            return

        result = await db.execute(select(Printer))
        printers = {p.serial_number: p for p in result.scalars().all() if p.serial_number}

        # Overwrite is not offered for K-profiles: extrusion_cali_set replaces
        # the profile occupying a slot, so writing is always an overwrite on the
        # printer side.
        tally.note("kprofilesAlwaysOverwrite", "K-profiles always overwrite the matching slot on the printer")
        # A refusal is now believed and counted failed (#2718 made the ack worth
        # reading), but silence still counts restored, so the caveat stands —
        # narrowed to what is actually left uncertain.
        tally.note(
            "kprofilesAckUnreliable",
            "A printer that does not confirm the write still counts as restored — verify the profiles on the printer",
        )

        for serial, entries in sorted(by_serial.items()):
            profile_total = self._kprofile_profile_count(c for _, c in entries)

            printer = printers.get(serial)
            if printer is None:
                tally.skipped += profile_total
                tally.note("kprofilesPrinterMissing", f"No printer with serial {serial} — skipped", serial=serial)
                continue

            client = printer_manager.get_client(printer.id)
            if not client or not client.state.connected:
                tally.skipped += profile_total
                tally.note(
                    "kprofilesPrinterOffline",
                    f"{printer.name} ({serial}) is not connected — skipped",
                    printer=printer.name,
                    serial=serial,
                )
                continue

            for nozzle, content in sorted(entries):
                profiles = content.get("profiles")
                if not isinstance(profiles, list) or not profiles:
                    continue
                if nozzle not in _KNOWN_NOZZLES:
                    tally.note(
                        "kprofilesUnknownNozzle",
                        f"Unexpected nozzle diameter {nozzle} for {serial} — sent as-is",
                        nozzle=nozzle,
                        serial=serial,
                    )

                # The backup's slot_id is a cali_idx, and cali_idx is as
                # unstable as the autoincrement ids we already refuse to reuse
                # for spools and archives: editing a profile in Bambuddy is a
                # delete-then-add on a single-nozzle printer, which re-keys it.
                # Addressing extrusion_cali_set at a slot that no longer exists
                # is a silent no-op — the printer drops it and we would still
                # report the profile restored. So resolve the live index first.
                current = await self._current_kprofile_index(client, nozzle, serial)
                if current is None:
                    # Unread is not empty: matching against nothing would send
                    # every profile as a new one beside the originals still on
                    # the printer (#3404). Nothing is sent.
                    tally.failed += len(profiles)
                    tally.note(
                        "kprofilesReadFailed",
                        f"{printer.name} ({serial}) did not answer the K-profile read for {nozzle} - not restored",
                        nozzle=nozzle,
                        printer=printer.name,
                        serial=serial,
                    )
                    continue

                profile_dicts = []
                unmatched = 0
                # A live profile can only stand in for one backed-up entry. Two
                # entries resolving to the same cali_idx both go into the batch,
                # the second overwrites the first on the printer, and the tally
                # counts two restored where one landed.
                claimed: set[int] = set()
                for p in profiles:
                    if not isinstance(p, dict):
                        # Counted, not dropped. _kprofile_profile_count includes
                        # it, so the offline and printer-missing paths already
                        # count the same entry skipped and the failure path
                        # counts it outstanding — leaving the tally here was the
                        # one place a profile could vanish from
                        # restored + skipped + failed entirely.
                        #
                        # failed here against skipped there is not a
                        # disagreement about the entry. The three counters say
                        # what happened to an item on this run, not whether it
                        # was ever usable: an offline printer skips everything it
                        # holds, well-formed or not, because nothing was
                        # attempted, while here the entry was reached and could
                        # not be used.
                        tally.failed += 1
                        continue
                    match = self._match_kprofile(p, current, claimed)
                    if match is None:
                        unmatched += 1
                    else:
                        claimed.add(match.slot_id)
                    entry = {
                        "filament_id": p.get("filament_id", ""),
                        "name": p.get("name", ""),
                        "k_value": p.get("k_value", "0.020000"),
                        "extruder_id": p.get("extruder_id", 0),
                        # Prefer the live setting_id when we matched: it is
                        # what the printer currently associates with the slot.
                        "setting_id": (match.setting_id if match else None) or p.get("setting_id"),
                        # cali_idx -1 tells the printer to add a new profile
                        # rather than address a slot that isn't there.
                        "cali_idx": match.slot_id if match else -1,
                        # Only consulted for the generated-setting_id
                        # fallback; cali_idx above takes precedence.
                        "slot_id": 0,
                    }

                    # Same precedence as setting_id, and set only when known.
                    # nozzle_id encodes the fitted nozzle's type and diameter
                    # ("HS00-0.4"), so the live value beats the backup's: the
                    # user may have swapped the nozzle since. When neither knows,
                    # the key has to be *absent* — set_kprofiles_batch supplies
                    # HS00-{diameter} via p.get(..., default), which a key
                    # present-and-None defeats, publishing a null nozzle_id.
                    # Printers that omit it are the reason the default is there
                    # (#1748), so it has to be reachable.
                    nozzle_id = (getattr(match, "nozzle_id", None) if match else None) or p.get("nozzle_id")
                    if nozzle_id:
                        entry["nozzle_id"] = nozzle_id
                    profile_dicts.append(entry)
                if not profile_dicts:
                    continue
                if unmatched:
                    tally.note(
                        "kprofilesUnmatched",
                        f"{unmatched} profile(s) for {nozzle} had no counterpart on {printer.name} "
                        "— added as new profiles",
                        count=unmatched,
                        nozzle=nozzle,
                        printer=printer.name,
                    )

                try:
                    seq = client.set_kprofiles_batch(profile_dicts, nozzle)
                except Exception as e:
                    logger.warning("K-profile restore failed for %s nozzle %s: %s", serial, nozzle, e)
                    seq = None

                if not seq:
                    tally.failed += len(profile_dicts)
                    tally.note(
                        "kprofilesSendFailed",
                        f"Failed to send {nozzle} profiles to {printer.name} ({serial})",
                        nozzle=nozzle,
                        printer=printer.name,
                        serial=serial,
                    )
                    continue

                # What came back is the sequence_id the command was published
                # under, not a verdict (#2718) — a truthy string only means the
                # command left the building. The printer answers separately, and
                # every other caller of this API now reads that answer; without
                # this the restore would be the one path left that reports a
                # refused write as saved.
                ok, detail = await self._kprofile_ack(client, seq, serial, nozzle)
                if ok:
                    tally.restored += len(profile_dicts)
                else:
                    tally.failed += len(profile_dicts)
                    tally.note(
                        "kprofilesRefused",
                        f"{printer.name} ({serial}) refused the {nozzle} profiles: {detail}",
                        nozzle=nozzle,
                        printer=printer.name,
                        serial=serial,
                        reason=detail,
                    )

    @staticmethod
    def _kprofile_profile_count(contents) -> int:
        """Count the profiles across parsed K-profile files.

        Defensive on purpose. A hand-edited or truncated backup can carry a
        ``profiles`` value that is not a list, and this count runs *before* the
        per-call guards in the loop below — after ``_apply`` has already
        committed the database categories. A malformed file has to be a skipped
        category, not an exception thrown over committed rows.
        """
        total = 0
        for content in contents:
            profiles = content.get("profiles") if isinstance(content, dict) else None
            if isinstance(profiles, list):
                total += len(profiles)
        return total

    @staticmethod
    async def _kprofile_ack(client, seq: str, serial: str, nozzle: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
        """Read the printer's verdict on one batch write.

        ``await_cali_ack`` already treats silence as success — no answer is not
        evidence of refusal, and firmware that predates the ack never answers at
        all. An exception reading it is the same situation one layer up, so it
        degrades the same way rather than turning a write that most likely
        landed into a reported failure.
        """
        try:
            ok, detail = await client.await_cali_ack(seq)
            return bool(ok), str(detail or "")
        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning("Could not read the K-profile ack for %s nozzle %s: %s", serial, nozzle, e)
            return True, ""

    @staticmethod
    async def _current_kprofile_index(client, nozzle: str, serial: str) -> list | None:
        """Read the printer's live profiles for one nozzle, or None when the
        read failed.

        A failed read used to be "nothing matched", which made every profile
        an add next to the ones still on the printer (#3404). The caller skips
        the nozzle instead; the rest of the restore goes on.
        """
        try:
            return list(await client.get_kprofiles(nozzle_diameter=nozzle) or [])
        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning("Could not read live K-profiles for %s nozzle %s: %s", serial, nozzle, e)
            return None

    @staticmethod
    def _match_kprofile(entry: dict, current: list, claimed: set[int]):
        """Find the live profile a backed-up entry corresponds to.

        ``setting_id`` is the filament preset the profile was calibrated for and
        is the strongest signal; a delete-then-add edit regenerates it, so fall
        back to the display name, which Bambuddy's own editor preserves.
        Both are scoped by ``filament_id`` — the same preset on a different
        filament is a different profile — and by ``extruder_id``, because on a
        dual-nozzle printer the same preset on the other extruder is a different
        profile too.

        ``claimed`` holds the slot ids already taken by earlier entries in this
        nozzle's loop, and no live profile may be claimed twice. Without it, two
        backed-up entries sharing a ``filament_id`` and matching on neither
        ``setting_id`` nor ``name`` both fell through to the single-candidate
        arm and both took the same slot — reachable whenever the user has since
        deleted one of a pair, because the delete-then-add re-key is what strips
        the ``setting_id`` match. Returning None for the displaced entry means
        ``cali_idx: -1``, i.e. add-as-new, which is the safe outcome.
        """
        filament_id = entry.get("filament_id")
        if not filament_id:
            return None

        candidates = [c for c in current if c.filament_id == filament_id]

        # The live index is read per nozzle *diameter*, so on an H2D both
        # extruders' profiles come back together. With the same filament
        # calibrated on both — the ordinary case on a dual-nozzle printer, not an
        # exotic one — filament_id alone lets extruder 0's backed-up entry match
        # extruder 1's live profile, and the batch then carries
        # {extruder_id: 0, cali_idx: <extruder-1 slot>}: one extruder's
        # calibration written over the other's, counted restored.
        #
        # Conditional on both sides saying which extruder they mean. A pre-#2656
        # backup carries no extruder_id, and a live index that reports none must
        # not turn every entry into an add.
        extruder_id = entry.get("extruder_id")
        if isinstance(extruder_id, int) and any(getattr(c, "extruder_id", None) is not None for c in candidates):
            candidates = [c for c in candidates if getattr(c, "extruder_id", None) == extruder_id]

        available = [c for c in candidates if c.slot_id not in claimed]
        if not available:
            return None

        setting_id = entry.get("setting_id")
        if setting_id:
            for c in available:
                if c.setting_id == setting_id:
                    return c

        name = entry.get("name")
        if name:
            for c in available:
                if c.name == name:
                    return c

        # Exactly one profile for this filament and no better discriminator:
        # treat it as the same profile rather than duplicating it. Judged
        # against every candidate rather than the unclaimed ones, because two
        # live profiles for one filament are ambiguous whether or not another
        # entry has already taken one of them.
        return available[0] if len(candidates) == 1 else None


# Singleton instance
github_restore_service = GitHubRestoreService()