Derive the chamber target from the trays the print loads (issue #2886)

    Preheat took the maximum chamber target across every loaded AMS tray,
    with no reference to the job. The reporter's P2S holds PETG Pro, PLA,
    ASA and PETG; the ASA row of the filament map says 45C, so a PLA-only
    plate was dispatched with chamber_target=45C, the bed driven to 90C to
    reach it, and the full 900s max-wait plus 300s soak burned before the
    upload started. Every time -- a P2S has no chamber heater and its
    chamber tops out around 33C, so the wait can only ever end on the
    timeout. Their log carries fifteen of these.

    The intent was never in doubt. The resolution order documented one
    screen above _derive_chamber_target reads "PLA-only print derives 0 ->
    chamber phase auto-skips", but it was implemented as PLA-only AMS
    rather than PLA-only print, and only misfires on a mixed load.

    The derivation now reads the trays the item's ams_mapping names -- the
    same array the print command puts on the wire, [-1, -1, -1, 1] in their
    case, addressing exactly the PLA slot -- so the ASA two slots over
    contributes nothing and the stage skips outright. Multi-material prints
    are unaffected: the maximum is still taken, across the trays the plate
    actually loads, so an ASA the print does use is still binding.

    An item whose mapping is missing or still unresolved keeps the
    whole-unit scan. That is the only signal left, and narrowing to nothing
    would disable preheat for prints that need it -- the failure mode worth
    avoiding here is the silent one.

    The bed hold between jobs is gated on the same derivation and was
    holding beds at 90C for the same wrong reason. It now reads the next
    item's mapping too, where that item has one.

    The external spool is no longer invisible to this. The scan only ever
    looked at raw_data['ams'], so an ASA print fed from the external feed
    derived 0 and got no preheat at all; a mapping naming 254/255 is now
    honoured. An item with no mapping still derives from the AMS alone, so
    nothing starts preheating that did not before.

    Tray addressing matches _build_loaded_filaments, which is what produced
    the ids in the mapping being read back: ams_id * 4 + tray_id, the bare
    unit id for an AMS-HT from 128, and the firmware's own vt_tray id for
    an external feed. Ids are coerced because this firmware reports them as
    strings.

backend/app/services/print_scheduler.py

@@ -465,6 +465,63 @@ def _mapping_is_all_unresolved(mapping: list | None) -> bool:
     return all(t is None or (isinstance(t, int) and t < 0) for t in mapping)
 
 
+# Global tray ids at or above this are the external spool(s), not an AMS slot:
+# 254 is the deputy feed and 255 the main one. Mirrors the sentinel documented
+# on `_mapping_is_all_unresolved`.
+_EXTERNAL_TRAY_ID_MIN = 254
+
+
+def _int_or(value, default: int) -> int:
+    """``int(value)``, or ``default`` when the field is missing or junk.
+
+    AMS telemetry types its ids inconsistently — `"0"` in one firmware, `0` in
+    the next — and a tray id that fails to parse must not take the whole
+    derivation down with it.
+    """
+    try:
+        return int(value)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        return default
+
+
+def _global_tray_id(ams_id: int, tray_id: int) -> int:
+    """Bambu's flat tray addressing: ``ams_id * 4 + tray_id`` for a four-slot
+    unit, and the bare unit id for an AMS-HT (ids from 128, one tray each).
+
+    Mirrors the calculation in ``_build_loaded_filaments``, which is what
+    produces the ids stored in ``PrintQueueItem.ams_mapping`` — the two must
+    agree or a mapping cannot be read back against live tray telemetry.
+    """
+    return ams_id if ams_id >= 128 else ams_id * 4 + tray_id
+
+
+def _used_global_tray_ids(item: PrintQueueItem | None) -> set[int] | None:
+    """The global tray ids ``item`` actually prints from, or None if unknown.
+
+    ``ams_mapping`` is the array the print command carries: position = filament
+    slot, value = global tray id, ``-1`` / ``None`` for a slot this plate does
+    not use. None means "no usable statement" — no mapping, unparseable JSON,
+    an all-unresolved mapping (the artifact ``_mapping_is_all_unresolved``
+    documents), or one that resolves to no tray at all. Callers must treat None
+    as "consider every loaded tray" rather than "consider none": narrowing on
+    an absent mapping would silently drop requirements the print really has.
+    """
+    raw = getattr(item, "ams_mapping", None)
+    if not raw:
+        return None
+    if isinstance(raw, str):
+        try:
+            mapping = json.loads(raw)
+        except (json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError):
+            return None
+    else:
+        mapping = raw
+    if not isinstance(mapping, list) or _mapping_is_all_unresolved(mapping):
+        return None
+    used = {t for t in mapping if isinstance(t, int) and not isinstance(t, bool) and t >= 0}
+    return used or None
+
+
 def _mqtt_commands_rejected(status) -> bool:
     """True when the printer is currently reporting that it refused a command.
 
@@ -4527,44 +4584,90 @@ class PrintScheduler:
         "PA-CF" (no space to split on)."""
         return tray_type.split()[0].upper() if tray_type else ""
 
+    def _target_for_tray_type(self, tray_type: str | None, targets: dict[str, int]) -> int:
+        """Per-filament chamber target for one tray's reported type, or 0 when
+        the tray is empty / RFID-less and reports no type at all.
+
+        A filled or foamed variant wants its base material's chamber when the
+        map has no row of its own: ASA-GF is ASA and needs ASA's 45 degrees,
+        not the 0 an unknown type falls to. The specific type is still tried
+        first, so PETG-CF and PA-CF keep the hotter rows they are listed with
+        (#2902).
+        """
+        normalised = self._normalize_filament_type(tray_type or "")
+        if not normalised:
+            return 0
+        target = targets.get(normalised)
+        if target is None:
+            target = targets.get(normalised.split("-")[0], targets.get("DEFAULT", 0))
+        return target
+
     def _derive_chamber_target(
         self,
         printer: Printer,
         targets: dict[str, int],
+        item: PrintQueueItem | None = None,
     ) -> int:
-        """Look up the chamber target for each loaded AMS tray and return the
-        max. Returns 0 when no AMS data is available (e.g. external-spool
-        prints) or when every loaded slot maps to 0 — the chamber phase then
-        short-circuits in the main loop.
+        """Chamber target for the trays this print actually loads: the max of
+        their per-filament targets. Returns 0 when there is nothing to read (no
+        status, no AMS telemetry — e.g. external-spool prints) or when every
+        tray considered maps to 0, and the chamber phase then short-circuits in
+        the main loop.
+
+        ``item`` narrows the scan to the trays named in its ``ams_mapping``.
+        Scanning the whole unit instead meant one ASA spool parked in the AMS
+        forced a 45°C chamber onto every PLA job sharing it — the full max-wait
+        plus soak burned ahead of each upload, on a printer whose chamber never
+        reaches the target anyway (#2886). An item with no usable mapping falls
+        back to scanning every loaded tray: that is the only signal left, and
+        narrowing to nothing would skip preheat on prints that genuinely need
+        it.
 
         Reads from `printer_manager.get_status(...).raw_data['ams']`, which is
         the same source the dispatcher uses for AMS slot mapping. Empty / RFID-
-        less slots have empty `tray_type` and contribute nothing."""
+        less slots have empty `tray_type` and contribute nothing. The external
+        spool is consulted only when the mapping names it (>= 254); it stays
+        out of the unnarrowed scan, so an item without a mapping derives from
+        the AMS alone exactly as before.
+        """
         state = printer_manager.get_status(printer.id)
         if state is None:
             return 0
-        ams_list = (state.raw_data or {}).get("ams") if state.raw_data else None
+        raw_data = state.raw_data or {}
+        used = _used_global_tray_ids(item)
+        ams_list = raw_data.get("ams")
         # Older Bambu firmware nests AMS as {"ams": {"ams": [...]}} — try both.
         if isinstance(ams_list, dict):
             ams_list = ams_list.get("ams") or []
         if not isinstance(ams_list, list):
-            return 0
+            ams_list = []
         best = 0
         for ams in ams_list:
-            for tray in (ams.get("tray") or []) if isinstance(ams, dict) else []:
-                normalised = self._normalize_filament_type(tray.get("tray_type") or "")
-                if not normalised:
+            if not isinstance(ams, dict):
+                continue
+            ams_id = _int_or(ams.get("id"), 0)
+            for tray in ams.get("tray") or []:
+                # A non-dict entry has never been seen from real firmware, but
+                # `.get` on one raises, and nothing between here and
+                # `_dispatch_one`'s try/finally catches it — the item would be
+                # left holding its dispatch claim. Preheat is best-effort by
+                # contract, so step over it instead.
+                if not isinstance(tray, dict):
+                    continue
+                if used is not None and _global_tray_id(ams_id, _int_or(tray.get("id"), 0)) not in used:
+                    continue
+                best = max(best, self._target_for_tray_type(tray.get("tray_type"), targets))
+        if used is not None and any(t >= _EXTERNAL_TRAY_ID_MIN for t in used):
+            for vt in raw_data.get("vt_tray") or []:
+                if not isinstance(vt, dict):
+                    continue
+                # `_build_loaded_filaments` addresses external feeds by the id
+                # the firmware reports — 255 main, 254 deputy — defaulting to
+                # 254 when the field is absent. Same expression here so the two
+                # agree on which entry a mapping's 254/255 refers to.
+                if _int_or(vt.get("id"), _EXTERNAL_TRAY_ID_MIN) not in used:
                     continue
-                # A filled or foamed variant wants its base material's chamber
-                # when the map has no row of its own: ASA-GF is ASA and needs
-                # ASA's 45 degrees, not the 0 an unknown type falls to. The
-                # specific type is still tried first, so PETG-CF and PA-CF keep
-                # the hotter rows they are listed with (#2902).
-                target = targets.get(normalised)
-                if target is None:
-                    target = targets.get(normalised.split("-")[0], targets.get("DEFAULT", 0))
-                if target > best:
-                    best = target
+                best = max(best, self._target_for_tray_type(vt.get("tray_type"), targets))
         return best
 
     def _release_keep_warm(self, pid: int) -> None:
@@ -4667,7 +4770,11 @@ class PrintScheduler:
         no bed temperature (e.g. OrcaSlicer gcode.3mf exports) therefore still
         get a hold — chamber need is what gates the feature, not metadata.
         Skips entirely for filaments that map to a 0°C chamber target
-        (PLA, PETG, etc.). Printers being dispatched this cycle are excluded:
+        (PLA, PETG, etc.) — read off the trays the next item's ``ams_mapping``
+        names, so a hot-chamber spool it never touches does not hold the bed of
+        a PLA job (#2886). An item still awaiting its mapping is judged on the
+        whole unit, as every item was before. Printers being dispatched this
+        cycle are excluded:
         ``_preheat_and_soak`` already handles their bed temperature.
 
         Bounded by ``queue_keep_warm_max_minutes`` — on timeout the bed is
@@ -4749,7 +4856,8 @@ class PrintScheduler:
                     filament_targets = await self._get_preheat_filament_targets(db)
                 printer_obj = await self._get_printer(db, pid)
                 chamber_needed = (
-                    printer_obj is not None and self._derive_chamber_target(printer_obj, filament_targets) > 0
+                    printer_obj is not None
+                    and self._derive_chamber_target(printer_obj, filament_targets, next_item) > 0
                 )
             if not chamber_needed:
                 continue
@@ -4995,8 +5103,9 @@ class PrintScheduler:
              even if the global is off.
           2. Chamber target — `item.preheat_chamber_target_override` if non-null;
              else max of `preheat_filament_targets[normalize(t.tray_type)]`
-             across loaded AMS slots; else 0 (skips chamber phase, keeps bed
-             phase + soak timer).
+             across the trays `item.ams_mapping` names (every loaded slot when
+             it names none); else 0 (skips chamber phase, keeps bed phase +
+             soak timer).
           3. Three hardware tiers branch the wait loop:
              - Chamber heater (H2C/H2D/H2DPro/H2S/X2D/X1E via supports_chamber_heater):
                send M141 to the resolved target, then wait for the chamber sensor
@@ -5032,9 +5141,10 @@ class PrintScheduler:
 
         # Chamber target resolution:
         #   1. Explicit per-item override beats everything (user knows best).
-        #   2. Otherwise derive from loaded AMS filament types via the per-
-        #      filament target map. PLA-only print derives 0 → chamber phase
-        #      auto-skips without the user touching anything.
+        #   2. Otherwise derive from the filament types this print loads, via
+        #      the per-filament target map. PLA-only print derives 0 → chamber
+        #      phase auto-skips without the user touching anything, even when
+        #      an ASA spool is sitting in another slot of the same AMS (#2886).
         explicit_target = getattr(item, "preheat_chamber_target_override", None)
         if explicit_target is not None and explicit_target > 0:
             chamber_target = int(explicit_target)
@@ -5044,7 +5154,7 @@ class PrintScheduler:
             chamber_source = "item-override-zero"
         else:
             targets = await self._get_preheat_filament_targets(db)
-            chamber_target = self._derive_chamber_target(printer, targets)
+            chamber_target = self._derive_chamber_target(printer, targets, item)
             chamber_source = "filament-map"
 
         bed_target = int(archive.bed_temperature) if archive and archive.bed_temperature else 0

backend/tests/unit/test_scheduler_preheat_ams_mapping_2886.py

@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+"""Chamber preheat must read the trays the print loads, not the whole AMS (#2886).
+
+A P2S with PLA in slot 1 and ASA in slot 2 preheated every PLA job to a 45°C
+chamber target, because ``_derive_chamber_target`` took the max over every
+loaded tray regardless of which ones the job mapped. The reporter's log shows
+the cost: bed driven to 90°C and the full 900s max-wait plus 300s soak burned
+before each upload, on a printer whose chamber tops out around 33°C and so
+never satisfies the wait early.
+
+The reporter's AMS, from ``push-status/printer-1.json`` in their support
+bundle, is reproduced in ``_reporter_ams`` below, and the mapping the dispatch
+actually sent — ``[-1, -1, -1, 1]`` — in ``PLA_ONLY_MAPPING``.
+"""
+
+import json
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from backend.app.services.print_scheduler import PrintScheduler
+
+# Global tray ids for AMS unit 0: ams_id * 4 + tray_id.
+PETG_PRO_TRAY = 0
+PLA_TRAY = 1
+ASA_TRAY = 2
+PETG_TRAY = 3
+
+# What the dispatcher put on the wire for the reporter's PLA job.
+PLA_ONLY_MAPPING = json.dumps([-1, -1, -1, PLA_TRAY])
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def scheduler():
+    return PrintScheduler()
+
+
+def _make_item(ams_mapping=None, **overrides):
+    """A queue item shaped the way `_preheat_and_soak` reads it.
+
+    `ams_mapping` is passed through verbatim so a test can hand in the JSON
+    string the column stores, a raw list, or junk.
+    """
+    fields = {
+        "id": 96,
+        "preheat_override": "inherit",
+        "preheat_chamber_target_override": None,
+        "ams_mapping": ams_mapping,
+    }
+    fields.update(overrides)
+    return SimpleNamespace(**fields)
+
+
+def _make_client():
+    client = MagicMock()
+    client.set_bed_temperature = MagicMock(return_value=True)
+    client.set_chamber_temperature = MagicMock(return_value=True)
+    client.set_airduct_mode = MagicMock(return_value=True)
+    return client
+
+
+def _reporter_ams():
+    """The four trays in the reporter's AMS unit 0, ids and all.
+
+    Ids are strings because that is how their firmware reports them; the
+    derivation has to coerce before it can compare against a mapping's ints.
+    """
+    return [
+        {
+            "id": "0",
+            "tray": [
+                {"id": "0", "tray_type": "PETG Pro"},
+                {"id": "1", "tray_type": "PLA"},
+                {"id": "2", "tray_type": "ASA"},
+                {"id": "3", "tray_type": "PETG"},
+            ],
+        }
+    ]
+
+
+def _make_state(ams=None, vt_tray=None, bed_temp=0.0, chamber_temp=0.0):
+    raw_data: dict = {}
+    if ams is not None:
+        raw_data["ams"] = ams
+    if vt_tray is not None:
+        raw_data["vt_tray"] = vt_tray
+    return SimpleNamespace(
+        temperatures={"bed": bed_temp, "chamber": chamber_temp},
+        raw_data=raw_data,
+        airduct_mode=0,
+    )
+
+
+def _ints(**values):
+    return AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda _db, key, default: values.get(key, default))
+
+
+def _derive(scheduler, state, item, targets=None):
+    with patch("backend.app.services.print_scheduler.printer_manager") as pm:
+        pm.get_status.return_value = state
+        return scheduler._derive_chamber_target(
+            SimpleNamespace(id=1, model="P2S"),
+            targets if targets is not None else PrintScheduler._bundled_preheat_targets(),
+            item,
+        )
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The reported case
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_the_reporters_pla_job_derives_no_chamber_target(scheduler):
+    """PLA mapped, ASA merely parked two slots over → 0, not 45."""
+    result = _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams()), _make_item(PLA_ONLY_MAPPING))
+    assert result == 0
+
+
+def test_the_same_ams_still_derives_45_for_a_job_that_maps_the_asa(scheduler):
+    """The narrowing must not disarm preheat — mapping the ASA tray still asks
+    for its 45°C."""
+    mapping = json.dumps([-1, -1, -1, ASA_TRAY])
+    result = _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams()), _make_item(mapping))
+    assert result == 45
+
+
+def test_a_multi_material_job_takes_the_max_of_the_trays_it_maps(scheduler):
+    """PLA + ASA in one print: ASA is the binding constraint, exactly as the
+    all-trays scan used to conclude for every job."""
+    mapping = json.dumps([PLA_TRAY, ASA_TRAY])
+    result = _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams()), _make_item(mapping))
+    assert result == 45
+
+
+def test_a_mapped_petg_pro_job_ignores_the_asa(scheduler):
+    """PETG normalises to PETG (0), not PETG-CF (40) — and the ASA next to it
+    contributes nothing."""
+    mapping = json.dumps([PETG_PRO_TRAY, PETG_TRAY])
+    result = _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams()), _make_item(mapping))
+    assert result == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_end_to_end_the_pla_job_skips_preheat_entirely(scheduler):
+    """The whole stage short-circuits: no bed command, no chamber command, no
+    900s wait. Their archive carries no bed_temperature (the log line reads
+    "archive has no bed_temperature metadata"), so with the chamber target back
+    at 0 this lands on the pre-existing skip branch.
+
+    The wait and soak are pinned to 0 and `asyncio.sleep` is patched even
+    though a passing run reaches neither: without that, a regression here does
+    not fail, it blocks for the full 900s wall-clock deadline.
+    """
+    db = AsyncMock()
+    client = _make_client()
+    archive = SimpleNamespace(bed_temperature=None)
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(scheduler, "_get_bool_setting", AsyncMock(return_value=True)),
+        patch.object(
+            scheduler,
+            "_get_int_setting",
+            _ints(queue_keep_warm_bed_temp=90, preheat_soak_seconds=0, preheat_max_wait_seconds=0),
+        ),
+        patch.object(scheduler, "_get_setting", AsyncMock(return_value=None)),
+        patch("backend.app.services.print_scheduler.printer_manager") as pm,
+        patch("backend.app.services.print_scheduler.asyncio.sleep", AsyncMock()),
+    ):
+        pm.get_client.return_value = client
+        pm.get_status.return_value = _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams())
+        proceeded = await scheduler._preheat_and_soak(
+            db, _make_item(PLA_ONLY_MAPPING), SimpleNamespace(id=1, model="P2S"), archive
+        )
+
+    assert proceeded is True
+    client.set_bed_temperature.assert_not_called()
+    client.set_chamber_temperature.assert_not_called()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_end_to_end_a_mapped_asa_job_still_heats_the_bed_to_drive_the_chamber(scheduler):
+    """The other half of the reported behaviour is correct and must survive:
+    an ASA job with no bed metadata still falls back to the configured
+    chamber-heating bed temperature."""
+    db = AsyncMock()
+    client = _make_client()
+    archive = SimpleNamespace(bed_temperature=None)
+    mapping = json.dumps([-1, -1, -1, ASA_TRAY])
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(scheduler, "_get_bool_setting", AsyncMock(return_value=True)),
+        patch.object(
+            scheduler,
+            "_get_int_setting",
+            _ints(queue_keep_warm_bed_temp=90, preheat_soak_seconds=0, preheat_max_wait_seconds=0),
+        ),
+        patch.object(scheduler, "_get_setting", AsyncMock(return_value=None)),
+        patch("backend.app.services.print_scheduler.printer_manager") as pm,
+        patch("backend.app.services.print_scheduler.asyncio.sleep", AsyncMock()),
+    ):
+        pm.get_client.return_value = client
+        # Already at temperature so the convergence loop exits on its first pass.
+        pm.get_status.return_value = _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams(), bed_temp=90.0, chamber_temp=46.0)
+        await scheduler._preheat_and_soak(db, _make_item(mapping), SimpleNamespace(id=1, model="P2S"), archive)
+
+    client.set_bed_temperature.assert_called_once_with(90)
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Fallback: an item with no usable mapping keeps the all-trays scan
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mapping",
+    [
+        pytest.param(None, id="never-set"),
+        pytest.param("", id="empty-string"),
+        pytest.param("[-1, -1]", id="all-unresolved"),
+        pytest.param("[null, null]", id="all-null"),
+        pytest.param("[]", id="empty-list"),
+        pytest.param("not json", id="unparseable"),
+        pytest.param('{"tray": 1}', id="not-a-list"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_an_item_without_a_usable_mapping_scans_every_tray(scheduler, mapping):
+    """No statement about which trays are used means we cannot narrow. Falling
+    back to the whole unit keeps preheat firing for prints that need it; the
+    alternative — narrowing to nothing — would silently disable the feature."""
+    result = _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams()), _make_item(mapping))
+    assert result == 45
+
+
+def test_an_item_object_without_the_attribute_at_all_scans_every_tray(scheduler):
+    """`_apply_keep_warm` reaches for `next_item.ams_mapping` on rows loaded by
+    other code paths; a missing attribute must fall back, not raise."""
+    item = SimpleNamespace(id=7)
+    result = _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams()), item)
+    assert result == 45
+
+
+def test_passing_no_item_at_all_scans_every_tray(scheduler):
+    """The parameter is optional so existing callers keep compiling; omitting
+    it is the pre-#2886 behaviour."""
+    with patch("backend.app.services.print_scheduler.printer_manager") as pm:
+        pm.get_status.return_value = _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams())
+        result = scheduler._derive_chamber_target(
+            SimpleNamespace(id=1, model="P2S"), PrintScheduler._bundled_preheat_targets()
+        )
+    assert result == 45
+
+
+def test_a_partially_resolved_mapping_narrows_to_the_slots_that_resolved(scheduler):
+    """`[-1, 2]` is NOT all-unresolved: slot 2 matched the ASA tray, so it is a
+    genuine statement and the ASA counts."""
+    result = _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams()), _make_item(json.dumps([-1, ASA_TRAY])))
+    assert result == 45
+
+
+def test_a_mapping_already_stored_as_a_list_is_read_without_json(scheduler):
+    """The column is Text, but rows written in-process can still hold a list."""
+    result = _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams()), _make_item([PLA_TRAY]))
+    assert result == 0
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tray addressing
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_a_second_ams_unit_is_addressed_with_the_four_slot_stride(scheduler):
+    """Unit 1 tray 2 is global id 6, not 2 — getting the stride wrong would
+    match the ASA in unit 0 instead."""
+    ams = _reporter_ams() + [{"id": 1, "tray": [{"id": 2, "tray_type": "ABS"}]}]
+    assert _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=ams), _make_item(json.dumps([6]))) == 45
+    assert _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=ams), _make_item(json.dumps([2]))) == 45  # unit 0's ASA
+    assert _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=ams), _make_item(json.dumps([PLA_TRAY]))) == 0
+
+
+def test_an_ams_ht_is_addressed_by_its_unit_id(scheduler):
+    """AMS-HT units number from 128 and hold one tray, so the global id is the
+    unit id itself — 128 * 4 + 0 would address nothing."""
+    ams = [{"id": 128, "tray": [{"id": 0, "tray_type": "ABS"}]}]
+    assert _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=ams), _make_item(json.dumps([128]))) == 45
+    assert _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=ams), _make_item(json.dumps([0]))) == 0
+
+
+def test_unparseable_tray_ids_do_not_take_the_derivation_down(scheduler):
+    """A junk id falls to 0, which addresses unit 0 slot 0. It must not raise —
+    preheat is best-effort and an exception here aborts the dispatch stage."""
+    ams = [{"id": None, "tray": [{"id": "x", "tray_type": "ASA"}]}]
+    assert _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=ams), _make_item(json.dumps([0]))) == 45
+
+
+def test_a_tray_with_no_type_contributes_nothing(scheduler):
+    """An empty slot the mapping happens to name is not an error, just a 0."""
+    ams = [{"id": 0, "tray": [{"id": 0, "tray_type": ""}, {"id": 1, "tray_type": "ASA"}]}]
+    assert _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=ams), _make_item(json.dumps([0]))) == 0
+
+
+def test_a_non_dict_tray_entry_is_stepped_over(scheduler):
+    """Nothing between the derivation and `_dispatch_one`'s try/finally catches
+    an exception, so a junk tray entry would leave the item holding its
+    dispatch claim. The real tray beside it is still read."""
+    ams = [{"id": 0, "tray": ["junk", {"id": 1, "tray_type": "ASA"}]}]
+    assert _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=ams), _make_item(json.dumps([1]))) == 45
+    assert _derive(scheduler, _make_state(ams=ams), _make_item(None)) == 45
+
+
+def test_no_ams_telemetry_derives_zero(scheduler):
+    assert _derive(scheduler, _make_state(), _make_item(PLA_ONLY_MAPPING)) == 0
+
+
+def test_no_printer_status_derives_zero(scheduler):
+    assert _derive(scheduler, None, _make_item(PLA_ONLY_MAPPING)) == 0
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# External spool
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_an_external_spool_the_mapping_names_is_read(scheduler):
+    """254/255 address the external feeds. Before the mapping was consulted the
+    external spool was invisible to the derivation, so an ASA print fed from it
+    got no preheat at all.
+
+    The AMS deliberately holds only PLA: an ASA tray here would let this pass
+    without `vt_tray` ever being read."""
+    state = _make_state(
+        ams=[{"id": 0, "tray": [{"id": 0, "tray_type": "PLA"}]}],
+        vt_tray=[{"id": 254, "tray_type": "ASA"}],
+    )
+    assert _derive(scheduler, state, _make_item(json.dumps([254]))) == 45
+
+
+def test_an_external_spool_without_an_id_defaults_to_254(scheduler):
+    """`_build_loaded_filaments` writes the same default, so a mapping built
+    from it addresses the entry as 254."""
+    state = _make_state(vt_tray=[{"tray_type": "ABS"}])
+    assert _derive(scheduler, state, _make_item(json.dumps([254]))) == 45
+
+
+def test_an_external_spool_the_mapping_does_not_name_is_ignored(scheduler):
+    """The PLA job maps an AMS tray; the ASA hanging off the back is not part
+    of this print."""
+    state = _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams(), vt_tray=[{"id": 254, "tray_type": "ASA"}])
+    assert _derive(scheduler, state, _make_item(PLA_ONLY_MAPPING)) == 0
+
+
+def test_the_external_spool_stays_out_of_the_unnarrowed_scan(scheduler):
+    """Without a mapping the scan is AMS-only, as it always was. Reading
+    `vt_tray` here would newly preheat for a spool that may not be in use, so
+    the fix is scoped to what the mapping positively states."""
+    state = _make_state(
+        ams=[{"id": 0, "tray": [{"id": 0, "tray_type": "PLA"}]}], vt_tray=[{"id": 254, "tray_type": "ASA"}]
+    )
+    assert _derive(scheduler, state, _make_item(None)) == 0
+
+
+def test_a_non_dict_vt_tray_entry_is_skipped(scheduler):
+    """Older firmware surfaced `vt_tray` as a dict; iterating it yields keys.
+
+    The junk entry must be stepped over rather than raise, and the real one
+    after it still read."""
+    state = _make_state(vt_tray=["255", {"id": 254, "tray_type": "ASA"}])
+    assert _derive(scheduler, state, _make_item(json.dumps([254]))) == 45
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Keep-warm reads the same narrowing
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_keep_warm_uses_the_next_items_mapping(scheduler):
+    """`_apply_keep_warm` gates the bed hold on the same derivation, so an ASA
+    spool the next job never touches must not hold the bed at 90°C through the
+    plate-clearing window."""
+    pla_next = _make_item(PLA_ONLY_MAPPING)
+    asa_next = _make_item(json.dumps([ASA_TRAY]))
+    state = _make_state(ams=_reporter_ams())
+    assert _derive(scheduler, state, pla_next) == 0
+    assert _derive(scheduler, state, asa_next) == 45